Diagnosing and treating eye disorders by Novel Nanotechnology
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology (JCEO) brings articles in all areas related to ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular oncology, clinical ophthalmology, experimental ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, eye diseases, ophthalmic imaging, ophthalmscopy, glaucoma, vision research, cataract, cornea and corneal diseases, ocular microbiology, ophthalmic research .As a member of Publisher International Linking Association, PILA, Longdom Publishing SL’s JCEO follows the Creative Commons Attribution License and Scholars Open Access publishing policies.Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology is the Council Contributor Member for Council of Science Editors (CSE) and follows the CSE’s slogan ‘Education, Ethics, and Evidence for Editors. Dramatic advances in biotechnology are revolutionizing medical... Read More
Journal of Clinical Toxicology - Open Access using online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems of OMICS Group for quality and quick review processing.OMICS Group is using Online Review and Editorial Tracking Systems for quality review process. Editorial Tracking System is an online submission and review system, where authors can submit manuscripts and track their progress. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process. Publishers can see what manuscripts are in the pipeline awaiting publication. E-mail is sent automatically to concerned persons when significant events occur. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by... 
What is Autoimmune disease and most types of Autoimmune diseases Immunogenetics: Open access journal focuses on the genetic research areas of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, systemic lupus erythematous, etc. Articles on genetics of cell interaction with immune system, immune response to transplantation, immune based therapies for treatment of cancers, antigenic phylogeny of alleles, alloantigens are also welcome. An autoimmune disease is a disease that changes the way the human body views a specific part or feature of the body. It can actually cause the body to change its immune response... 
Intravenous general anesthetics Intravenously-delivered general anesthetics are typically small and highly lipophilic molecules. These characteristics facilitate their rapid preferential distribution into the brain and spinal cord, which are both highly vascularized and lipophilic. It is here where the actions of these drugs lead to general anesthesia induction. Elimination Following distribution into the central nervous system (CNS), the anesthetic drug then diffuses out of the CNS into the muscles and viscera, followed by adipose tissues. In patients given a single injection of drug, this redistribution results in termination of general anesthesia. Therefore, following administration of a single anesthetic bolus, duration of... 
Metastatic Pancreatic Exocrine Cancer PEC is a frequent cancer both in women and men representing in United States about the 3.1% of all cancer diagnosed. Curability rate are very low even when disease is at an early resectable stage with a 5-years overall survival. The 5-year survival rate for people with stage IA pancreatic cancer is about 14%. For stage IB cancer, the 5-yearsurvival rate is about 12%. For stage IIA pancreatic cancer, the 5-yearsurvival rate is about 7%. For stage IIB cancer, the 5-year survival rateis about 5%. The 5-year survival rate for stage III pancreatic cancer isabout 3%.... 
In adult mammals, peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons regenerate relatively efficiently, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons cannot regenerate. The difference in regenerative capacity between CNS and PNS neurons has been attributed to extrinsic signals, and to intrinsic growth ability and the inhibitory glial environment. PNS neurons possess the fundamental and conserved ability to regenerate their axons following injury, in a process mainly controlled by the PNS glial cells surrounding neurons and Schwann cells (SCs). Several studies have reported the regenerative ability of SCs. After axotomy, SCs undergo a rapid reprogramming process that includes macrophage activation and morphological transformation from... 
Modelling Risk and Decisions Analysis Risks and their management are an integral part of decision making in the 21st century. A decision framework should allow groups of stakeholders to evaluate multiple-objective decisions and analyze trade-offs of various alternatives/scenarios/decision to be considered. However, formulating these alternatives, objectives, and trade-offs involves working with both facts (the uncertain state of the “world” one models) and values (what one deems important). Ideally, the facts and the values should be kept separate even when they seem completely entangled. This distinction is important both at a qualitative level, when building conceptual models, and at a quantitative... 
Fish | Shellfish Pathology The study of fish and shellfish diseases requires a wide knowledge, not only of the potential pathogens, but also of the environmental constraints and specialist adaptations, which govern the ectothermic, aqueous, existence of teleosts. The inflammatory and immune responses are greatly modified by the nature of their environment. These in turn influence the epizootiology and the clinical characteristics of the various conditions and the methods by which they can be controlled. Fish and shellfish pathology is clearly a multidisciplinary field. Despite of the extensive technical advances in biological and ecotoxicological research, histopathology continues to be a... 
Pathology of asthma Asthma is a serious health and socioeconomic issue all over the world, affecting more than 300 million individuals. The disease is considered as an inflammatory disease in the airway, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, mucus hyper-production and airway wall remodeling. The presence of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients has been found in the nineteenth century. As the information in patients with asthma increase, paradigm change in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in an extensive evaluation of inflammatory cells and mediators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. Moreover, it is recognized that airway remodeling into detail, characterized... 
Immunology | History In the highly competitive world of biomedical science, often the rush to publish and to be recognized as “first” with a new discovery, concept or method, is lost in the hurly-burly of the moment, as “the maddening crowd” moves on to the next “new thing”. One of the great things about immunology today is that it has only become mature as a science within the last half-century, and especially within the past 35 years as a consequence of the revolution of molecular immunology, which has taken place only since 1980. Consequently, most of those who have contributed... 
Journal of Clinical Toxicology - Open Access using online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems of OMICS Group for quality and quick review processing.OMICS Group is using Online Review and Editorial Tracking Systems for quality review process. Editorial Tracking System is an online submission and review system, where authors can submit manuscripts and track their progress. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process. Publishers can see what manuscripts are in the pipeline awaiting publication. E-mail is sent automatically to concerned persons when significant events occur. Submit manuscript as an e-mail attachment... 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It is a peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in cancer biology, tumor, radiology, metastatis, cancer immunotherapy, oncology, radiation therapy etc This Journal provides a unique forum dedicated to scientists to express their research articles, review articles, case reports and short communications on any array of latest cancer research and Immuno-Oncology. The Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a Peer... 
The journal of Clinical Toxicology (JCT) is a broad-based journal founded on two key tenets: To publish the most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of Clinical Toxicology: Secondly, to provide a rapid turn-around time possible for reviewing and publishing and to disseminate the articles freely for research, teaching and reference purposes. It is basically aimed at the Clinical Practitioners, medical/ health practitioners, students, professionals and researchers and professional bodies and institutions. Living organisms, particularly human are exposed to chemical substances or toxins at least once during the lifetime and it is not without any consequences. Toxicology studies the... 
Public health Public health has been defined as "the science and art of preventing disease”, prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".Analyzing the determinants of health of a 
The birth of bacteriology The field of 
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology (JCEO) brings articles in all areas related to ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular oncology, clinical ophthalmology, experimental ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, eye diseases, ophthalmic imaging, ophthalmscopy, glaucoma, vision research, cataract, cornea and corneal diseases, ocular microbiology, ophthalmic research. The main aim of the Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology is to publish high quality research works and provide Open Access to the articles using this platform. The Journal offers a rapid and time bound review and publication that freely disseminates research findings related to JCEO. It caters to the requirements of the medical practitioners, researchers, lab professionals,... 
Revolutionizing Undergraduate Immunology Education Immunology has its developmental roots in understanding protection of the host from pathogens, leading to the development of vaccines and subsequently identification of soluble and cellular components of the immune system. Thus, immunology education has historically been tightly linked to infectious disease. Decades of research have demonstrated that the complexity and intricacies of the immune system are far greater than perhaps was once imagined. As a system that interfaces with all other organ systems in the body, it plays a key role in both maintaining health and causing life-threatening disease, thereby solidifying its importance in several... 
Vision is one of the most important senses we have. Vision care encompasses a number of medical, scientific, and social issues. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology is an important discussion and knowledge dissemination podium for the researchers, students and medical practitioners. The eye is the only place in the body where both neurons and blood vessels can be directly visualized. These attributes have led to the common clinical practice for vascular diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, to have ocular assessment as a routine component of their management. With the advancement of in-vivo imaging techniques, a plethora of eye... 
Journal of 
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements.While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes.Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol.Other factors include certain infections, exposure... 
On behalf of the 
Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can be mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), and others that can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales,... 
Co-expression of PD-L1 Antibodies Enhances the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It focuses on becoming one of the best peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in cancer biology, tumor, radiology, metastatis, cancer immunotherapy, oncology, radiation therapy etc This Journal provides a unique forum dedicated to scientists to express their research articles, review articles, case reports and short communications... 
On behalf of the 
On behalf of the 
Prosthodontics- Dental Care Considering this phenomenon 
Orthodontics-Dental Research Considering this phenomenon 
The Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access and International, Peer reviewed Journal that aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion on all topics related to Drug development which deals with Drug Interaction, Drug Metabolism, Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, medicinal chemistry. The open access journal is published by Longdom Publishing who hosts around 350 open access peer-reviewed journals as well as organizes more than 100 International scientific Conferences. The journal also covers Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Technology. Modern Synthetic Chemistry is study of chemical reactions to obtain a product, or products by physical and chemical manipulations, usually... 
A brief explanation about Immunogenetics Immunogenetics is the study of the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, tolerance inorgan transplantation, and immunity to infectious diseases-with a special emphasis on the role of the genetic make-up of an organism in these processes. The immune system evolved essentially to protect vertebrates from a myriad species of potentially harmful infectious agents such as bacteria, virus, fungi and various eukaryotic parasites. However, the growing understanding of the immune system has influenced a variety of different biomedical disciplines, and is playing an increasingly important role in the study and treatment of many human diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. There are two broad types... 
Artificial Intelligence 
RNA to protein- Translation 
Gene Syndrome & Gene therapy- Open Access 
A major international study of the genetics of breast cancer Immunogenetics: Open access journal focuses on the genetic research areas of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, systemic lupus erythematous, etc. Immunogenetics is the branch of medical genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics. The majority of the DNA is identical between individuals, but there are some differences, known as genetic variants, and these changes can have a profound effect, increasing an individual's susceptibility to disease. Our DNA -- the blueprint for the human body -- contains between... 
Vaccines and Immunization When a 
Vaccines and Immunization When a 
SUMMARY: Identifying interventions that improve vaccine efficacy in older persons is vital to deliver healthy aging for an aging population. Immunologists have identified a route for counteracting the age-related loss of two key immune cell types by using genital wart cream to boost immune response to vaccination in aged mice. After this validation in mice, the findings offer an attractive intervention to tailor the make-up of vaccines for older people. Research just published by the Linterman lab shows that the immune system of older mice can be given a helping hand by applying immunology expertise and some genital wart treatment... 
An old idea for fighting infections — an approach most physicians know about only from medical lore — is being revived as people wait for 
Improved Peptide-MHC Class II Interaction Prediction Through Integration of Eluted Ligand and Peptide Affinity Data 
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial – their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development... 
Pupil Definition The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris (the structure that gives our eyes their color). The function of the pupil is to allow light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to begin the process of sight. Pupil Function Together, the iris and pupil control how much light enters the eye. Using the analogy of a camera, the pupil is the aperture of the eye and the iris is the diaphragm that controls the size of the aperture. The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles within the iris — one... 
Chemically undefined substances, like yeast extract or peptones, are commonly used as milk supplements in industrial fermentations to allow the growth of 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category: Genetics and molecular Biology The 
On behalf of the Journal of Cell Signaling , as 
Germline Cells 
Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy Journal of 
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of... 
Artificial Intelligence 
Vaccination 
A growing number of Earth Observation sensors provide useful information to monitor the crop condition from space. NDVI is the most popular vegetation index and it represents the photosynthetic capacity of vegetation. The number of agricultural drought indices calculates by comparing the NDVI of time of observation with the Long term NDVI values and called as “multi-temporal agricultural drought indices” in this study. Some are developed using only the data of the time of observation and no time-series data required, therefore called “non-temporal agricultural drought indices”. This study analyzed multi-temporal and non-temporal drought indices calculated using NDVI, Normalized Difference Water... 
Current Synthetic and Systems Biology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in experimental and theoretical aspects of the function of biological systems at the molecular, cellular or organismal level, in particular those addressing the engineering of biological systems, network modelling, quantitative analyses, integration of different levels of information and synthetic biology Current Synthetic and Systems Biology is a peer reviewed scientific journal known for rapid dissemination of high-quality research. This Current Synthetic and Systems Biology Journal with high impact factor offer an open access platform to the authors in academia and industry to publish their novel research. It serves the International Scientific Community with... 
Current Synthetic and Systems Biology research objective is to encourage and assist the development of better and faster measures of systems-biology. In cases where we believe we can contribute directly, as opposed to through highlighting the work of others, we are producing our own measures of research activity. Our work is mainly of interest to investors, organizations and individuals in the financial sector and to significant corporations with global operations, as well as governments and academic researchers. Current Synthetic and Systems Biology play a key role in the knowledge societies and this knowledge is rising by leaps and bounds within... 
Through several hundred million years of adaptive evolution toxic plants have developed a large group of high-affinity and stable natural-based biomolecules, which have now been isolated and identified. Some of these biomolecules possess the ability to specifically bind to human receptors/ligands, which means they have a great potential to be used as novel prototype drug candidates for disease treatments such as hypertension, cancer, diabetes, drug-resistant bacterial infections, etc. In the last two decades, much biomolecular research has been focused on certain types of distinctive molecular targets on cells, which can be recognized by natural-based biomolecules, to unveil their use in... 
The Journal of Child Psychology is an excellent source of information concerning all aspects of the development of children. It includes psychological research on cognitive, social, and physical development. Although the focus is on reports of experiments with infants, children, and adolescents, the journal also includes theoretical papers and methodological notes. In the new Reflections format, a lead empirical article is followed by a set of reflections on the article. Scholars discuss one or more of the empirical, theoretical, methodological, or analytical issues raised by the initial paper. In addition, the journal periodically publishes Special Topic issues. Research Areas include:... 
The Journal of Child Psychology is an excellent source of information concerning all aspects of the development of children. It includes empirical psychological research on cognitive, social/emotional, and physical development. In addition, the journal periodically publishes Special Topic issues. Journal of Child psychology is devoted to publish original and unpublished manuscripts focusing on the issues and challenges related to Toddlerhood, Child-hood, Adolescence, Intellectual & Mental Development, Sexual Development, Thinking & Reasoning, Attention & Interest, and Parenting. Contributors are welcome to publish high quality clinical, and laboratory research papers, case series, reviews, guidelines, techniques, and practice manuscripts related to all aspects... 
Importance of Mechanotransduction in Immune Responses The current major focus of immunology is how our immune systems are regulated. In particular, how different receptors at the surface of immune cells respond to the presence of either antigen or pathogen, and how these responses are regulated at a subcellular level. But we should keep in mind that biophysical cues generated by physiological events, either normal or abnormal, also influence our immune system. The development of new technologies and interdisciplinary approaches has allowed us to investigate physical effects on biological interactions, shifting the view of cells as passive organisms to active entities.... 
Neural systems 
Antarctic Fish IgT, a Weird Option of Immunoglobulin Genes Antarctic fish, most of which belonging to the Perciform Suborder Notothenioidei, have acquired, during their evolution, specific features that allow them to thrive, at present, at cold and stable temperature (-1.86°C). Нe morphological evolution and diversification of Antarctic Notothenioid teleosts into over 120 species is one of the best examples of adaptive radiation in the marine environment. New ecological chances, for instance the extinction of antagonists, the colonization of vacant niches, or the emergence of key innovative features such as the gain of antifreeze glycoproteins have allowed them to live in... 
Vaccines 
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation is an open access Scientific Journal which mainly focuses on articles of Pharmacy. The Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation comes up with an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore advance research in Drug Development. The editorial team of Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation and Research is overwhelmed by the response and eagerness of the academic and research contributors to publish with the journal. During this year we look forward to taking some initiates that would encourage and reward our prospective customers. It gives us great pleasure in announcing... 
Microbiology Society The Microbiology Society (previously the Society for General Microbiology) is a learned society based in the United Kingdom with a worldwide membership based in universities, industry, hospitals, research institutes and schools. It is the largest learned microbiological society in Europe.[1] Interests of its members include basic and applied aspects of viruses, prions, bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, fungi, algae and protozoa, and all other aspects of microbiology. Its headquarters is at 14–16 Meredith Street, London.[2] The Society's current president is Prof. Judy Armitage.[3] The Society is a member of the Science Council. Contents 1History 2Activities 3Society Prizes 4Presidents 5References... 
Biosafety-Microbiology Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.[1] These prevention mechanisms include conduction of regular reviews of the biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary exposure and compromise the best safeguards set into place for protection. The international... 
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have a significant role in regulating the defenses against cancer development and certain viral infections. They are equipped with an array of activating and inhibitory receptors that stimulate or diminish NK cell activity, respectively. Inhibitory receptors include, among others, the MHC class I ligands killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in humans, and members of the Ly49 family of receptors in mice, and CD94/NKG2A. Activating receptors include cytokine and chemokine receptors, and those that interact with ligands expressed on target cells, such as the natural cytotoxicity receptors or NCRs (NKp30, NKp44 and... 
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth treatment modality, in addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These advances are the result of important discoveries in the field of regulation of the immune response, especially on the mechanisms which turn "on" and "off" immune responses. A disease which has proved to be a canonical model to test therapeutic immunotherapy approaches is the immunogenic cutaneous melanoma. So far, "passive" immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies has outpaced "active" immunotherapy with antitumor vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies which antagonize the "off" responses have been recently introduced in clinical practice. In spite of... 
Inositol phosphates and phosphoinositides are integral to a number of critical intracellular signaling pathways in epithelia, endothelia and immune cells that are fundamental to GI health and can contribute to GI pathology when disrupted. These pathways broadly pervade almost every aspect of GI function including, secretion, absorption, innate and adaptive immunities, and are present in all cell types. Examples include excessive or insufficient fluid secretion through disregulation of ion channel function that can lead to diarrhea, constipation, or abnormal secretion of bile or pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, infectious bacteria such as Salmonella highjack inositide metabolic pathways that cause changes in both... 
Non-Germline Cells 
Hereditary Material Journal of 
Oxygen levels were measured in the foregut and 
Retina, layer of nervous tissue that covers the inside of the back two-thirds of the eyeball, in which stimulation by light occurs, initiating the sensation of vision. The retina is actually an extension of the brain, formed embryonically from neural tissue and connected to the brain proper by the optic nerve. The retina is a complex transparent tissue consisting of several layers, only one of which contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells. Light must pass through the overlying layers to reach the photoreceptor cells, which are of two types, rods and cones, that are differentiated structurally by their distinctive shapes and functionally by their sensitivity to different kinds of light.... 
Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access Scientific Journal which mainly focuses on articles of Drug designing. The 
Natural Products Chemistry and Research is an open access Scientific Journal which mainly focuses on articles of Chemistry. The Journal of Natural Products Chemistry and Research comes up with an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore advance research in Chemistry. The Natural Products Chemistry and Research is of highest standards in terms of quality. The editorial team of Natural Products Chemistry and Research is overwhelmed by the response and eagerness of the academic and research contributors to publish with the journal. During this year we look forward to taking some initiates that would encourage and reward our prospective... 
THYROID TESTS Blood tests to measure these hormones are readily available and widely used, but not all are useful in all situations. Tests to evaluate thyroid function include the following: TSH TESTS The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. Changes in TSH can serve as an “early warning system” – often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone (primary hypothyroidism). T4 TESTS... 
Respiratory disease caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia first emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and spread rapidly to other provinces and other countries. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV and has been suggested to be also the receptor for 2019-nCoV. Paradoxically, ACE2 expression in the lung protects mice from SARS-CoV spike protein induced lung injury by attenuating the renin-angiotensin system. In the intestine, ACE2 also suppresses intestinal inflammation by maintaining amino acid homeostasis, antimicrobial peptide expression and ecology of the gut microbiome. Upon analysis of single cell-RNA sequencing data from control... 
Hypertension, vascular inflammation and renal inflammation are characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multisystem autoimmune disease that is complex and poorly understood. Oxidation products of arachidonic and other fatty acids, termed isolevuglandins (isoLG) lead to formation of post-translational protein modifications that are immunogenic. We demonstrate isoLG enrichment in dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and plasma cells from juvenile female B6.SLE123 mice. In adult B6.SLE123 and NZBWF1 mice, isoLG adducts are enriched in plasma cells and splenic DCs compared to C57Bl/6 and NZW mice respectively. Treatment with the isoLG-scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) reduced blood pressure, improved renal function, and attenuated renal... 
The field of Cancer Epidemiology is a dynamic and constantly evolving area of research and clinical application. A key focus of Cancer Epidemiology is to quantify the incidence and prevalence of the disease and to measure outcomes such as morbidity and mortality. Typically, the goal is to identify putative risk factors by comparing exposed with unexposed populations and using epidemiologic techniques including causal inference and survival analysis to assess cancer risk. Etiologic factors may be environmental in nature (e.g., pesticides, electromagnetic fields, UV radiation, groundwater contamination, mercury in fish, indoor building-material off-gassing, cellular towers), associated with harmful behaviors (e.g., cigarette... 
Uveitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and is comprised of a clinically heterogenous group of subtypes with diverse etiologies. A widely accepted hypothesis is that infectious agents and immunological abnormalities in genetically susceptible individuals may be responsible for the initiation and chronicity of uveitis. The majority of these uveitis subtypes are multifactorial, with the contribution of genetic inheritance, immune dysregulation and gut microbiota abnormalities all playing a part. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are reported to be actively involved in the development of uveitis. Th1 cells were the first subtype of T... 
Nanotechnology has become one of the fastest growing branches of science that has successfully solved problems in medicine, industry, pharmacy and agriculture. The preparation, characterization and applications have drawn the attention of researchers worldwide to contribute with new ideas and come up with unique new material. However, the same unique characteristics of engineered nanoparticles including small size, ability to cross cell membranes, and toxicity to cancer and microbial cells are indeed the same reasons they are categorized as hazardous pollutants when they finally reach open water systems through excretion into sewers or mishandling and improper disposal. Examples of such pollutants... 
The 
Cell signaling is a process through which living cells interact with the cellular environment and neighbouring cells. Cells contain Glycoproteins or Glycolipids as receptors on their plasma membrane which detects the signals. When a complementary ligand (signaling molecule) comes and binds to the receptor, it initiates a chain of reactions within the cell, ultimately leading to a response. The 
Forensic Pathology encompasses all aspects of forensics, including pathology, science, toxicology, human identification, mass disasters/war graves, nursing, police surgeons/scene of crime, entomology, biology, and DNA. Balanced to reflect modern advances in the subjects through peer-reviewed papers, short communications and meeting proceedings, and case reports, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology provides coverage on the full international spectrum of forensic science, neither concentrating on the sole practice of a single country or becoming top heavy with a particular scientific advancement. Journal of Forensic Pathology is scholarly Open Access journal and aims to publish the most complete and reliable source of information on... 
Diabetes in pregnancy, including gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-existing diabetes, imposes significant and adverse influences on maternal health as well as fetal development and child health. In the mother, GDM usually resolves after pregnancy unless it represents previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes which is first recognized during pregnancy. GDM is linked to substantially increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Despite the fact that GDM has been acknowledged as a subtype of diabetes for decades, appropriate cutoff points and procedures for screening and diagnosis are still under debate. Beyond the traditional use of insulin (basal-bolus or insulin... 
Journal of Forensic Pathology is an multidisciplinary journal that publishes original work with regard to various scientific disciplines pertaining to forensic sciences. The journal focuses on the current advancements in the field of forensic science and criminology and provides reliable information regarding the developments in forensic science. This part of journals is delighted to accept Research Papers, Review Articles, Short Communications, Case Reports, Mini- Reviews, Opinions, Letter to Editors Etc., focused on Forensic science and Crime Investigation. The journal covers all the legal aspects from all the disciplines of forensic science. Major subject areas of interest in forensic science include,... 
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY - THE "CONSTRUCTION" OF LIFE Current Synthetic and System Biology initially treated (micro)organisms such as bacteria as if they were small computers with exchangeable parts. Genes were seen analogous to electronic components. The plan was to systematically construct organisms or their genomes from such components. Some concepts looked promising, ie to be able to produce a substance against malaria, genes from a plant were transferred to yeast fungi. Ultimately, however, the idea of the controlled construction of living organisms was abandoned due to a... 
Flood mapping is an important aspect of flood risk management. Flood hazard map predicts the expected water depths of an area flooded. The analysis is done in three different perspectives namely, a low/medium, high probability or extreme scenario. Flood Mapping Technology has applications in Near Real Time Flood Mapping and Monitoring, Flood Damage Assessment, Flood Hazard Zone Mapping, River Bank Erosion Mapping, Mapping changes in the river course. The main components of near real time flood mapping and monitoring involves Flood watch, Satellite data planning and acquisition, Satellite data analysis, Product generation & Dissemination. Through a combination of remote sensing and GIS techniques observation and ground sensors,... 
The very first published article in the 
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology is one of the best open access journals that aims to publish the most complete and reliable source of information on discoveries and current developments in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. in this field and provide online access without any restrictions or subscriptions to researchers worldwide. The scientists, doctors, professors, researchers can submit their high quality papers to enhance their research work through online platform of our Journal. Current Research Work: Atherosclerosis (ASVD),Heart Attack/Myocardial infarction, Stroke- Ischemic, Cardiac Ischemia, Heart Failure (HF),Cardiac Arrhythmia, Bradycardia, Tachycardia, Heart Valve Problem,... 
Cardiovascular disease is sometimes called “heart disease”, but in medical terms, they are not exactly the same thing. Heart disease is a general term for conditions affecting the structure of the heart and the way it functions. All heart diseases are cardiovascular diseases. However, not all cardiovascular diseases are heart diseases. An example is stroke, which affects blood vessels in the brain, but not the heart itself. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are particular habits, behaviors, circumstances or conditions that increase a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including lack of exercise, unhealthy eating, smoking, diabetes, age and family history.... 
The very first published article in the 
Virus-Microbiology A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,[2] about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail,[3] of the millions of types of viruses in the environment.[4] Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The... 
Conservation strategies in natural habitats as well as in breeding centers are necessary for maintaining and reinforcing viable populations of wild felids. Among the fundamental knowledge that is required for conservation breeding, a solid understanding of reproductive 
Amoeba An amoeba (/əˈmiːbə/; rarely spelt amœba; plural am(o)ebas or am(o)ebae /əˈmiːbi/),[1] often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.[2] Amoebae do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms. Amoeboid cells occur not only among the protozoa, but also in fungi, algae, and animals.[3][4][5][6][7] Microbiologists often use the terms "amoeboid" and "amoeba" interchangeably for any organism that exhibits amoeboid movement. In older classification systems, most amoebae were placed in the class... 
Ciliated Foregut Cyst of Gallbladder: A Little Known Entity Ciliated foregut cysts are rare masses that develop from the tissues which remain from embryological foregutdevelopment. In the literature, a few cases have been described in various organs so far. The solitary cysts arecharacterized by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. They are usually located above the diaphragm butthey can also arise in relation to the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Although rare, there is a risk of development ofsquamous cell carcinoma from these cysts that typically bear benign features. Prognosis following the developmentof carcinoma is poor. Congenital gallbladder cysts are... 
Skin is the largest organ of the body and is necessary for survival, since it performs many functions such as providing a physical barrier to the external environment, sensation, retention of normal hydration and thermal regulation. Significant skin loss is associated with high mortality and morbidity in the acute phase, and with physically and cosmetically drastic scarring in the long term. There are a number of tissue-engineered products in the clinic that are used as skin substitutes to promote healing of traumatic burn and diabetic wounds, producing results that satisfy the barrier function of the skin. The current tissue engineered... 
Successful Surgical Management of Massive SuprachoroidalHaemorrhage Complicating Phacoemulsification Purpose: To report a case of right eye massive suprachoroidal haemorrhage complicating phacoemulsification, which was treated successfully with drainage sclerotomy and pars plana vitrectomy. Results: A 79-y old lady’s right eye vision improved from light perception to 6/60 following vitreoretinal surgery formassive suprachoroidal haemorrhage from phacoemulsification. Conclusion: A relatively good visual outcome may be achieved with proper pre-operative, intra-operative andpost-operative management of suprachoroidal haemorrhage. To know more about the article: 
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that is directed against anagen-associated autoantigens which become exposed to the immune system following the collapse of the hair follicle’s physiological immune privilege, and presumably only when hair follicles undergo active growth, produce a hair shaft, and are engaged in pigment synthesis (anagen). The mechanisms that contribute to the development of AA are currently under investigation. A major genome wide association study (GWAS) strongly supported the importance of NKG2D in AA, which had previously been suggested by immunohistological analyses. In a large cohort of AA patients, expression... 
There is a connection between obesity, diabetes and cancer that is well-accepted by the medical and scientific communities. Epidemiological evidence suggests that people with diabetes are at significantly higher risk for many forms of cancer. Type 2 diabetes and cancer share many risk factors, but detailed molecular/ mechanistic links between the two diseases are incompletely understood. Moreover, some medications used to treat cancer are associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes, and a reverse pattern is also noted - that some medications used to ameliorate hyperglycemia and diabetes are associated with increased risk of cancer. The scope of this Research... 
This Research Topic focuses on recent advances in understanding the neuronal dysfunction of diabetic brain. Insulin signaling plays a significant role in synaptic function in the brain. Cognitive dysfunction and decrease in the brain size have been observed in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with reductions in cerebral glucose metabolism even in prediabetic individuals. These observations are generally associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several epidemiological studies have indeed identified diabetes as a risk factor for AD. The threshold of amyloid burden needed to manifest dementia is decreased by diabetes. The link between diabetes and AD has been further... 
Plant are subject to high levels of DNA damage resulting from their obligatory dependence on sunlight and the associated exposure to environmental stresses. Irreversible DNA damage generated by genotoxic stresses hinders plant development and crop productivity. In order to maintain genome stability, plants have developed multiple mechanisms to detect and repair DNA damage. Among these, the intricate DNA damage response (DDR) network consists of an impressive array of DNA damage sensing and signal transduction pathways leading to DNA repair and cell survival or, alternatively, triggering cell death. Due to the essential role of DNA repair in maintaining genomic stability, tightly... 
Adherence to Infection Prevention and Factors among Nurses in Jimma University Medical Center Background: Adherence to infection prevention and control guidelines is critical to improving the quality of hospital care based on their efficacy in reducing the occurrence of infections that compromise patients’ outcome. Nurses are front line of protecting themselves and clients from infectious disease. Nurses perform clinical procedures or other activities that can generate waste and expose themselves and clients to potentially infectious disease. This put nurses to be at higher risk for acquiring blood borne pathogens at health care facilities. Objective: The main objective of this... 
The auditory perception of sounds (environmental, speech or music) is one of the 5 principal senses consciously monitored by our brains, and is hugely important for all human endeavors and one’s quality of life. Loss of optimal performance in this principal sensory system leads to loss of effective communication and intimacy, as well as increased risk of isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and greater vulnerability to predators. The vestibular system ensures that individuals remain upright and effectively monitor their posture within their spatial surroundings, move effectively, and remain focused on visual targets during motion. The loss of vestibular... 
Thyroid disorders in India 
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among working-age adults. Vision loss in DR can be caused by macular edema as the consequence of increased vascular permeability due to the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown and altered fluid movements into retinal tissue. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by neovascularization on the retinal surface, can cause severe vision loss caused by vitreous hemorrhage and/or traction retinal detachment. In addition, accumulating data suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an early component of DR, which can precede visible microvascular abnormalities. Increasing evidence points... 
Functional foods comprising 
Evaluation of Diagnostic Significance and Cost Effectiveness of ELISA andIFA for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Disorders Background: The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. AsClinicopathological classification of autoimmune diseases is difficult without laboratory support, laboratory testing isof helps in diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prediction of the pathological changes by disease activity. Althoughdifferent tests are available for ANA detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the mainstay ofdiagnosis in most routine laboratories. Indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody test (IFA) though currentlythe “gold standard” it is not widely practiced. Most studies have used Hep2 cells for the detection... 
Photons are sensed by retinal photoreceptors whose matrix-like distribution underlies the transformation of the illumination pattern of the visual scene into a photoreceptor activity pattern in a visuotopic fashion. Activity of neighboring photoreceptors then are compared by secondary bipolar cells to decipher information regarding luminosity- and color-contrast and ultimately sent to retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. Bipolar cells achieve this by comparing illumination information received directly from their center receptive field with those come from spatially offset surround receptive field areas mediated by inhibitory, sign-inverting horizontal cells. Retinal ganglion cells sample various bipolar cell subtypes in... 
Thyroid Disorders and Therapy Thyroid Disorders and Therapy, is a peer-reviewed online journal with 3 Issues print on demand compilation of issues published. The journal allows free access (Open Access) to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional / subject-based repository. The journal does not charge for submission, processing or publication of manuscripts and even for color reproduction of photographs. The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.thetrp.net. The journal is published with support from Abbott... 
Immunogenetics: OpenAccess has announced offer on its membership 
EBOLA Virus Infection Ebola is deadly disease caused by virus. There are five strains, and four of them can make people sick. After entering the body, it kills cells, making some of them explode. It wrecks the immune system , causes heavy bleeding inside the body, and damages almost every organ. The virus is scary, but it’s also rare. You can get only from direct contact with an infected person’s body fluids. It spreads to people by contact with the skin or bodily fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat. Then it moves from person... 
It gives us great pleasure to announce the call for paper on the occasion of 04th Anniversary of the Journal .The Journal of 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Genetics and molecular Biology Description: CRISPR gene cuts may offer new way to chart human genome. On behalf of the 
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and 
Journal of Tumor Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal. It is obvious why open access and open data portals would be beneficial to the public: free information and more of it is empowering to society. The diversity of information available in Open Access also makes it possible for Scholars and other information users to have wide access to more information. The journal invites different types of articles including original research article, review articles, short note communications, case reports, Editorials, letters to the Editors and expert opinions & commentaries from different regions for publication. Submit manuscript at ... 
On behalf of the
General Virology: 
The current taxonomy of 
Journal of Developing Drugs is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that reflects articles on all types of Drugs and Medicine. The journal welcomes submissions from all related fields of Drugs including advances in medicines. Articles will be also considered from related analysis from Drug Metabolism, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Drug Addiction, Pharmaceutical Industry, chemistry. Submission of important articles containing advanced research output aiding in forwarding the subject are most welcome. The wide scope of the journal will aid in contributing a great measure of scientific information related to the advances in towards better healthcare. How to submit:... 
Genesity NLM ID: 101574143 Index Copernicus Value 2016: 84.15 The Journal of 
Chromosome Journal of 
Natural Products Chemistry and Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that reflects articles on all types of herbal and plant extracts. The journal welcomes submissions from all related fields of Natural medicine including advances in alternative medicine. Articles will be also considered from related analysis from Botany, Medicinal Plant Research, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Phytotherapy, botanical medicines, Ayurveda and Natural chemistry, Agriculture Science, Unani Medicine, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. Submission of important articles containing advanced research output aiding in forwarding the subject are most welcome. The wide scope of the journal will aid in contributing a great measure of scientific information related... 
AIM and Scope of Immunogenetics: Open Access The main aim of the 
Gene Synthesis Current Synthetic and Systems Biology is aimed at everyone working in the modelling and discovery of emergent properties in complex biological systems. Also, it seeks scientists relating the structure and dynamics of living organisms with their physiology and phenotypic traits for the understanding of the whole. In addition to the highest-quality original articles covering the entire field, each issue includes timely reviews of key primary research papers and topics in Systems Biology. Also, the... 
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically constructed hybrid receptors that consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody as the antigen-binding extracellular domain, an intracellular CD3ζ chain as the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling domain, and an additional co-signaling domain, mainly CD28 or 4-1BB, to deliver co-stimulation. Cytotoxic activity of CAR T cells is determined by antigen-binding to the scFv leading to the phosphorylation of CD3ζ and to additional signaling cascades by co-stimulating domains. This mechanism recapitulates intracellular signaling following T cell activation through the TCR complex, although in an MHC-independent fashion. Since their discovery in the... 
An association between protein tyrosine phosphatase 22 (PTPN22) and Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) genes with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been demonstrated in several populations. The present study investigated whether PTPN22 and PADI4 genes polymorphisms were involved in the genetic predisposition to RA in the Algerian patients. Materials and methods: The PADI4_94 (rs2240340) and the PTPN22 (rs2476601) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 300 RA patients and 306 healthy controls by real time polymerase chain reaction method (TaqMan Assays). The relationships between Anti-Citrullinated Peptide Antibody (ACPA) positivity, Rheumatoid Factor (RF) positivity and genotypes were statistically analyzed. Results: There was no... 
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Current Synthetic and Systems Biology is an journal that provides an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore the advanced and latest research developments in the field of synthetic and system biology and related academic disciplines. The Editors select manuscripts based on their novelty and wide biological significance. Although the primary emphasis of the journal is on molecular components and their interactions, systems studies at the organ level may also be considered. Works describing large-scale datasets... 
More predictive, biologically-relevant high throughput screening techniques are necessary to improve early stage compound screening. Rejecting compounds early in development based on actionable, high quality safety and efficacy data from assays relevant to the target disease and human physiology will bring substantial benefits by avoiding the much higher expense of failure down the line in human clinical trials. Mass spectrometry may be used to detect given analytes in a complex mixture based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) with excellent selectivity and sensitivity, making mass spectrometry particularly relevant for trace-level quantitation of unmodified biochemical entities. A wide variety of chemistries, including... 
Type 1 diabetes is a challenging condition to manage since it includes many facets such as treatment with insulin, technical devices, physiological and behavioral factors. Regular exercise is a cornerstone in diabetes treatment, but management of different forms of physical activity could be difficult for both the individual with type 1 diabetes as well as the health-care provider. People with type 1 diabetes tend to be as physically inactive as the general population, where we see a large percentage of individuals not maintaining a healthy body composition nor achieving the minimum recommended amount of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity... 
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, affecting about 415 million people worldwide in 2015. The etiology of T2D involves an interaction between genetic predisposition and lifestyle (e.g. overweight, unhealthy diet, sedentariness). The past decade has seen fast-paced, ... Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, affecting about 415 million people worldwide in 2015. The etiology of T2D involves an interaction between genetic predisposition and lifestyle (e.g. overweight, unhealthy diet, sedentariness). The past decade has seen fast-paced, technology-driven developments in the field of complex disease genomics. Implementation... 
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. These subunits are the most recently discovered (and perhaps the last to be discovered) nAChR subunits in mammals, but are phylogenetically the oldest. The α9 and α10 subunits are not expressed in the mammalian brain, making them unique among nAChRs. They were first localized in cochlear hair cells. As a consequence of their discovery in hair cells, the focus of study of these subunits has largely... 
The complexity of the immune system at the gene, protein, cell and organism level continues to provide a major challenge. Genomic landscape analysis, single-cell analysis and mass data acquisition encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics have now added new levels of complexity. With the rapid progress in these and other fields of immunology, it has become more important than ever to agree on a nomenclature, i.e. to agree on a consensus for naming novel genes, proteins, cells and biological reagents related to the immune system. Names that were given initially may, in retrospect, not always be logical. In addition, researchers... 
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Study design and population We conducted a cohort retrospective data study from two tertiary hospitals (Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and Dharmais Hospital) between January 2015 to November 2017. There were 282 HCC patients recruited in this study (158 patients from Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and 124 patients from Dharmais Hospital). The inclusion criterion was a confirmed HCC diagnosis, while patients with other malignancy and incomplete laboratory or clinical data were excluded. Data collection Baseline clinical data was collected at the time of diagnosis. Diagnosis of HCC was confirmed by biopsy and radiology. The specific finding from CT-scan or... 
Introduction Granular cell tumor is a pathological entity that was first described by Abrikossof in 1926. Many locations were described. The most frequent one is the buccal mucosa especially on the tongue, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Granular cells tumor is rarely located in the perianal region . Granular cell tumors often occur between the 4th and 6th decades with a male predominance that can reach up to 68%. Although a malignant variant of this tumor exists, it barely presents 2% of all cases. The diagnosis of malignancy requires an accurate analysis of the histological feature and investigations in order to identify... 
Journal of Surgery and Anesthesia Invites Editorial Board members 
The scientists discovered close to 200,000 DNA markers in Asians, which had been previously unreported in existing genetic databases. The catalogues that are now used for disease-association studies in Asia, including India, are those that have primarily been generated in western populations, hence of limited use in Asia.” The scientists also found 23 per cent of previously unreported protein variants. “Since alterations of proteins are usually associated with disease, we specifically investigated those 
The nutritional needs of the 
The mammalian circadian clock includes a “master clock” within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus and “peripheral clocks” within other tissues of the body. The “master clock” functions as an “orchestra conductor” to direct “peripheral clocks” through yet-to-be defined pathways, allowing animals to adapt their feeding, activity, and metabolism to predictable daily changes in the environment. Circadian clocks orchestrate physiological rhythms via the temporal regulation of gene expression to control core clock genes and rhythmic output programs. A network of transcriptional–translational feedback loop comprised of core transcriptional activators (Bmal1 and Clock) and repressors (Per and Cry), to control the rhythmicity... 
Microbes info Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian scholar, advanced the notion as early as the mid-1500s that contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another. A description of precisely what is passed along eluded discovery until the late 1800s, when the work of many scientists, Pasteur foremost among them, determined the role of bacteria in fermentation and disease. Robert Koch, a German physician, defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. The foundation of microbiology was securely laid during the period from about 1880 to 1900. Students of... 
Topic on Microbiology Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life The early Greeks believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) and that the goddess Gea could create life from stones. Aristotle discarded this notion, but he still held that animals could arise spontaneously from dissimilar organisms or from soil. His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as the 17th century, but toward the end of that century a chain of observations, experiments, and arguments began that eventually refuted the idea. This advance in understanding was hard fought, involving series of... 
Natural Products Chemistry and Research has announced almost 30 percent discount on article processing charge to commemorate its Anniversary. On behalf of the Journal of Natural Products Chemistry and Research, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honor and privilege to inform you that, it’s been years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the Journal of Natural Products Chemistry and Research (Longdom) publication. The Journal of Natural Products Chemistry and Research aims to disseminate knowledge and... 
Combining biological research and engineering On behalf of the Journal, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honor and privilege to welcome you to the Current Synthetic and Systems Biology The journal aims to spread knowledge and promote discussion through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality research papers on all topics related to Modern Scientific Techniques. The open access journal is published by Longdom Publishing who hosts open access peer-reviewed journals as well as organizes conferences that hosts the work of researchers in a... 
Biological system Current Synthetic and Systems Biology is an academic journal that provides an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore the advanced and latest research developments in the field of synthetic and system biology and related academic disciplines. Current Synthetic & Systems Biology engages... 
Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the combination of at least three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease. Huge reductions have been seen in rates of death and suffering when use is made of a potent ARV regimen, particularly in early stages of the disease. Furthermore, expanded access to ART can also reduce the HIV transmission at population level, impact orphanhood and preserve families. In 2011, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV. WHO and UNAIDS estimate that at least 15 million people were in need of antiretroviral... 
Environmental Toxicants and Cardiopulmonary Consequences Emerging evidence indicates that exposure to environmental toxicants including air pollutants (indoor and outdoor pollutants) and various contaminants present in drinking water and food have been shown to either contribute to or be associated with the development and progression of multiple cardiopulmonary diseases (CPD). According to the world health organization (WHO) statement, around 4.2 million deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution, primarily due to heart disease, stroke, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and acute respiratory infections. In addition, exposure to other environmental toxins such as heavy metals, aldehydes, and... 
Potential triggers of sudden infant deaths: Infection and inflammation There is a growing body of evidence that infectious agents or their products contribute to events leading to unexpected infant deaths. This issue summarizes the current information on the interactions between genetic background of the infant, environmental and developmental risk factors, and the microbial flora of the infant that could trigger lethal responses to common infections. The evidence for the role of infection and inflammation in these deaths comes from a variety of sources. When the risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) were compared to... 
Origins of Human Neuropathology The teneurins and latrophilins are essential for the function, maintenance and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). The goal of this Research Topic is to unite our understanding of the teneurins, and their cognate receptors, latrophilins, with the aim of establishing their integrated role with respect to interneuronal activity and how it relates to human pathology. Critical to the origin of the CNS is the intercellular adhesion and communication among sensory and motor cells to coordinate feeding, energy metabolism, growth and reproduction. Over the last three decades, the discovery of the teneurins and latrophilins has... 
Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins In The Feed And Food Chain Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, e.g. carcinogenic aflatoxins, genotoxic patulin, and nephrotoxic ochratoxin A, represent a major health threat to humans and livestock. These mycotoxins are known to affect a wide range of foods and drinks such as maize, coffee, wine, peanuts, dairy products, etc. The perceptible effects of climate changes on mycotoxin production in crops throw new light upon the economic and health risks of these notorious fungal secondary metabolites with the unprecedented detection of aflatoxins in Northern Europe in certain crops. To assist experts working in all... 
Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Psychiatric Conditions Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is a model paradigm for associative learning, one of the most basic forms of learning and memory. Two major EBCC paradigms are utilized with human subjects. In delay EBCC, a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., an auditory tone) co-terminates with the unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a corneal airpuff). In trace EBCC, CS presentation is followed by a silent interstimulus interval (which Pavlov termed the “trace” interval), with the US non-overlapping with the CS in time. Because EBCC paradigms are readily adapted across species, the neural substrates of EBCC are well studied,... 
Mind’s Eye Inward: The Interplay between Selective Attention and Working Memory Historically, cognitive sciences have considered selective attention and working memory as largely separated cognitive functions. That is, selective attention as a concept is typically reserved for the processes that allow for the prioritization of specific sensory input, while working memory entails more central structures for maintaining (and operating on) temporary mental representations. However, over the last decades various observations have been reported that question such sharp distinction. Most importantly, information stored in working memory has been shown to modulate selective attention processing – and vice versa. At the theoretical... 
Ocular Motor and Vestibular Deficits in Neurometabolic, Neurogenetic, and Neurodegenerative Diseases The study of eye movement is a rich source of information about brain functioning for neurologists and neuroscientists. The eye movements provide diagnostic clues, define, and localize motor and cognitive disorders. Objective eye movement assessments associated with clinical observation and genetic testing in neurometabolic and neurogenetic diseases provide insight into their pathophysiology and disease mechanism. Finally the eye movements may be used for testing and following the response to therapies. The concrete value of studying eye movement stems from a number of advantages compared to... 
Eye Movements: Role in Sports and Active Living Eye movements are essential to collect accurate visual information from relevant scene locations, allowing optimal control of human movements in sports and active living. Vision provides, via feedback and feedforward modes, information for adjustments of the effector system to perform efficiently in a variety of environmental constraints. Beyond facilitating spatial perception and respective improvements in movement quality, gaze behavior reflects attentional and cognitive resources involved in motor performance. Sport contexts are usually complex, often requiring fast actions, and eye movements are used to acquire adequate visual information, affected by anticipation processes,... 
Expression of a Gene On behalf of the Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to the Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy. The Journal of 
Evolutionary Trends in Gene Therapy The Journal of 
Many and different pharmaceutical products with 
Neuroethics refers to two related fields of study: what the philosopher Adina Roskies has called the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics.The ethics of neuroscience comprises the bulk of work in neuroethics. Key issues Brain interventions: The ethics of neurocognitive enhancement, that is the use of drugs and other brain interventions to make normal people "better than well", is an example of a neuroethical issue with both familiar and novel aspects. Brain imaging: In addition to the important issues of safety and incidental findings, mentioned above, some arise from the unprecedented and rapidly developing ability to correlate... 
Are KIR-HLA Polymorphisms Relevant for the Outcome of Chronic Infected Hepatitis C Virus Patients? HCV is a major public health problem worldwide with an estimated population of 71 million people suffering from chronic hepatitis C infection. Approximately 3,99,000 people die each year from hepatitis C, mostly from complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV prevalence varies around the world. Regarding HCV genotypes in Europe, the most common subtype is 1b whilst in America the most frequent subtype is 1a. In the Middle East, North and Central Africa, the most prevalent genotype is 4 and in Asia, it is genotype... 
The Hippo pathway plays a regulatory role on inflammation and cell death and proliferation. Here we described a relationship between Hippo pathway components and inflammation in healthy subjects. The plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines were used to define their inflammatory profile and classify them as normal, high and low producers of cytokines. Leukocytes from healthy subjects with inflammatory profile expressed the highest levels of MSTS1/MST2, SAV1, LATS1/LATS2, MOB1A/MOB1B and YAP genes. The group that overexpressed Hippo pathway-related genes secreted more IFN-ϒ and IFN-α2 The Hippo signaling pathway mediates tumor suppression and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. This pathway... 
The Hippo pathway plays a regulatory role on inflammation and cell death and proliferation. Here we described a relationship between Hippo pathway components and inflammation in healthy subjects. The plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines were used to define their inflammatory profile and classify them as normal, high and low producers of cytokines. Leukocytes from healthy subjects with inflammatory profile expressed the highest levels of MSTS1/MST2, SAV1, LATS1/LATS2, MOB1A/MOB1B and YAP genes. The group that overexpressed Hippo pathway-related genes secreted more IFN-ϒ and IFN-α2 The Hippo signaling pathway mediates tumor suppression and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. This pathway... 
Ever since Regulatory T cells (T-Regs) were first defined as peripheral CD4+ T cells that express the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2Rα), there have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms whereby this minor subset of CD4+ T cells (~ 5-10%) nonspecifically suppresses all potential effector T cells, whether reactive to self or non-self antigens. Multiple possible molecular mechanisms have been implicated, including the scavenging of IL-2 via the expression of high densities of IL-2Rs, the inhibition of antigen presentation via CTLA-4 molecules leading to decreased IL-2 production, the activation of intracellular cAMP thereby suppressing both IL-2 production... 
The field of cytokines and their role in intestinal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last two decades. Since the discovery of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in 1984, a variety of cytokines and cytokine factors have been discovered and cloned. There are now 40 interleukins and several TNF-family members identified that signal through specific receptors and possess pleiotrophic biological activities, in many instances. There is strong evidence that cytokines play a critical role during intestinal immunity, and their role as mediators of intestinal immune responses to infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, and fungi has been demonstrated. In addition, several cytokines are critical... 
The 
The editorial team of Journal of Natural Products Chemistry and Research is overwhelmed by the response and eagerness of the academic and research contributors to publish with the journal and take part in the year-long celebrations. During this year we look forward to taking some initiates that would encourage and reward our prospective customers. It gives us great pleasure in announcing the call for paper on the 8th Anniversary of the Journal at special and hefty discount of up to 20 percent on one-time article processing charge. Prospective academicians and scientists are encouraged to utilize this opportunity to get their contents... 
A Short Review of Immunochemistry Immunochemistry (IC) provides the basis of molecular mechanisms associated with immune system functions as it relates to the nature of antibodies, antigens and their interactions. Нe various methods in immunochemistry have been developed and refined and been used in scientific study, from virology to molecular evolution. Нe application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins has been published by Svante Arrhenius in 1907 which described immunochemistry. Immunochemistry has also been studied from the aspect of using antibodies to label epitopes of interest in cells (immunocytochemistry) or... 
Melanoma of the Ciliary Body of the Young Subject: A Case Report Uveal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular. We report a case of melanoma of the ciliary body from the left eye of a 21 y old patient. Ophthalmological examination of the left eye revealed the presence of a poorly pigmented tumor that presses back the lower temporal equatorial lens. The bottom of the eye is uninterpretable. The ultrasound measurements of the tumor were 3.5 mm thick over 10 mm in diameter. The diagnosis of ciliary body melanoma was posed. However, the patient has atypical karyotypic abnormalities... 
In silico Prediction of Peptide based Vaccine against Fowlpox Virus (FPV) Fowlpox virus (FPV) is double stranded DNA virus and a member of Poxviridae family which transmitted via aerosols and insect bite and causes cutaneous and diphtheritic infection in poultry population. This study aimed to design peptide vaccine by selecting all possible epitopes after analyzing of all FPV140 protein sequence reported in NCBI database using in silico approaches. After alignment of retrieved sequence the conserved region applied into IEDB analysis tool to predict B and T cell epitopes, then testing the affinity of predicted epitopes to bind to (BF2*2101) (BF2*0401)... 
The editorial team of Journal of Developing Drugs is overwhelmed by the response and eagerness of the academic and research contributors to publish with the journal and take part in the year-long celebrations. During this year we look forward to taking some initiates that would encourage and reward our prospective customers. It gives us great pleasure in announcing the call for paper on the 9th Anniversary of the Journal at special and hefty discount of up to 20 percent on one-time article processing charge. Prospective academicians and scientists are encouraged to utilize this opportunity to get their contents reviewed, processed and... 
Introduction: Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells in lung adenocarcinoma is not well known. Methods: CD3, CD20 and MUM1 immunostains were performed on representative tumor blocks selected from 120 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma cases treated by surgical resection at Mayo Clinic Rochester. CD3+ T-cells, CD20+ B-cells, and MUM1+ plasma cells were enumerated separately in the intraepithelial (IE) compartment and the stroma (ST) by digital image analyses using whole sections. Measured tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells were correlated with patient’s overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Median age of patients was 69 years (range, 46-91 years) and... 
Introduction: Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells in lung adenocarcinoma is not well known. Methods: CD3, CD20 and MUM1 immunostains were performed on representative tumor blocks selected from 120 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma cases treated by surgical resection at Mayo Clinic Rochester. CD3+ T-cells, CD20+ B-cells, and MUM1+ plasma cells were enumerated separately in the intraepithelial (IE) compartment and the stroma (ST) by digital image analyses using whole sections. Measured tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells were correlated with patient’s overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Median age of patients was 69 years (range, 46-91 years) and... 
Background: Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) have a potent anti-tumour effect and up to 43% of people receiving therapy will develop rheumatic adverse effects (RirAEs). People with pre-existing autoimmune disease (AID) were excluded from clinical trials. Aim: To define the characteristics of rheumatic symptoms in people on ICIs for malignancy and subsequent prescribed immunosuppression to manage adverse events. Methods: A case series formed from a retrospective audit of the Northern Territory Top End Health Service electronic records over a two year period, 2016-2017. Results: Sixty-three people received ICIs over the two year period for non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma and... 
Most of us like to think we know ourselves fairly well – we know we’re happy when the sun is shining, when we drink a good cup of coffee, or when we spend time with our loved ones. On the other hand, we also know when we’re sad: we may have lost our favourite sneakers, hit a pothole, or experienced emotional trauma. In many ways, all of that seems quite evident to us. Yet things can get rather complicated when it comes to physical injuries. How do we know of we have neck pain, shoulder, or back pain? How do... 
More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Persistently infected individuals can develop chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV and HCV share numerous pathogenic mechanisms and strategies of immune escape. Cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), iNKT, and B cells play important roles in HBV and HCV clearance. T cell responses are crucial to prevent and control viral infection; however, virus-specific T cell activities may be rapidly lost during persistent viral infections. This is largely caused by the fact that... 
The Research Topic is designed to feature the latest innovative and leading-edge research, reviews and opinions on the study of complex and dynamic processes related to the mammalian immune system and cancer. All papers will be meticulously selected to present our readers the multidisciplinary approach to tackle the existing challenges faced in these important fields. From high throughput experimental methodologies to computational and theoretical approaches, the articles are intended to introduce physicists, chemists, computer scientists, biologists and immunologists the idea of systems biology approach to the understanding of mammalian immune system and cancer processes. Attention will also be given to... 
Gene Expression - Translation Genes encode proteins and proteins dictate cell function. Therefore, the thousands of genes expressed in a particular cell determine what that cell can do?. Moreover, each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein provides the cell with a potential control point for self-regulating its functions by adjusting the amount and type of proteins it manufactures. At any given time, the amount of a particular protein in a cell reflects the balance between that protein's synthetic and degradative biochemical pathways. On the synthetic side of this balance, recall that protein production starts... 
Contiguous gene syndrome 
Journal of 
Journal of 
Microbes and disease Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian scholar, advanced the notion as early as the mid-1500s that contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another. A description of precisely what is passed along eluded discovery until the late 1800s, when the work of many scientists, Pasteur foremost among them, determined the role of bacteria in fermentation and disease. Robert Koch, a German physician, defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. The foundation of microbiology was securely laid during the period from about 1880 to 1900. Students of... 
Biotic Generation : Microbiology Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life The early Greeks believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) and that the goddess Gea could create life from stones. Aristotle discarded this notion, but he still held that animals could arise spontaneously from dissimilar organisms or from soil. His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as the 17th century, but toward the end of that century a chain of observations, experiments, and arguments began that eventually refuted the idea. This advance in understanding was hard fought, involving series... 
Influenza virus (H1N1) is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish flu. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. Haemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles... 
Considering the community-level of low vision, evaluation the rate of satisfaction of different Low Vision Aids (LVAs) and Quality Of Life (QOL), in Low Visions (LV) who use a kind of them, is very important. This is a cross-sectional study. This study evaluated the rate of satisfaction and QOL in the patients who presented to Cheshmak LV centre in Malayer since 21 June 2012 till 21 June 2015 and received a kind of LVA, with a reliable interviewing questionnaire. Statistical testing was carried out by using the SPSS-18. Two tailed paired ttest and independent t-test were used. Differences were considered... 
Epidemiology of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers in Japan BACKGROUND: Both hypopharyngeal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are rare malignancies. However, it is reported that the incidences of these cancers have increased in Japan. It is known that smoking and drinking are risk factors for both cancers. Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) is regarded as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. In this article the changes in the mortality rates of these cancers are described from the viewpoint of descriptive epidemiology. METHODS: The numbers of deaths due to the 2 cancers from 1979 to 2016 were obtained from the vital statistics of Japan.... 
Case History of Tumor Research Introduction Although the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy a relatively small anatomical space, they are the site of origin of some of the more complex, histologically diverse group of tumours in the entire human body. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and 3% of those occurring in the head and neck. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a highly aggressive and clinicopathologically distinctive carcinoma of uncertain histogenesis that typically presents with locally extensive disease [1]. It was first reported by Frierson et al. [2]. SNUC affects... 
Artificial Intelligence 
Vaccines and Immunization When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as 
Cancer is one of the most vicious disease which is devastating many lives psychologically, physically and in an unhealthy manner. The treatment of cancerous diseases is becoming a major challenge for the scientists and researchers working on chemotherapeutic agents. Traditional pillars of cancer treatment – Surgery, Radiation, and Chemotherapy are moving to two new efficacious approaches: Cancer genomics and immunotherapy. Cancer genomics is the study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between tumour cells and normal host cells. Immuno-oncology is an emerging field that has taken great strides in the fight against cancer, bolstered by a refined understanding... 
On behalf of the 
Journal of Forensic Pathology Being a Managing Editor to Journal of Forensic Pathology, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to all the authors and professionals for your support to the Journal. Your involvement and contributions towards our journal may be a nice support for us. The Journal of Forensic Pathology is a journal publishing peer-reviewed articles of novel and significant discoveries in the fields of Forensic The Journal is successfully running in the 3rd volume which... 
Health ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for 
Light Detection and Ranging is abbreviated as LIDAR, is a remote sensing technology. This technology uses light to measure variable distances to the Earth. The light is emitted in the form of pulsed laser. This technique is an integrated part of remote sensing technology. The sensor emits several thousand infrared laser pulses per second. Depending upon the location and orientation of laser scanner, the range of each echo from a laser pulse is calculated. Thus the received results help to build a 3D elevation map of the surface being measured. LIDAR technology has wide range of applications of which one... 
Current Synthetic and Systems Biology The Current Synthetic and Systems Biology aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality research papers on all topics related to like molecular biology, theoretical biology, structural biology, marine biology etc.. The Journal emphasizes high-level research and education. Original research articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, and letters to the editors in the fields of biology and medical research and separation are most welcome. we are providing reasonable... 
Journal of Developing Drugs, a peer reviewed, Open Access Journal provides an open platform for eminent scientists around the globe to publish their scholarly work in field related to Drugs. Various regulatory approaches for toxic chemicals management are included in scope of Journal of Developing Drugs. Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Pharmaceutical & Toxicology Sciences. The Journal deals with surgery, internal medicine, cardiovascular medicine, complementary medicine, dentistry and oral medicine, pathology, pharmacology and therapeutics, respiratory medicine, rheumatology, drugs and medicines, emergency medicine, infectious diseases, medical education, legal... 
Probiotics in various combinations and in various forms have become popular supplements for establishing and maintaining 
Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Germs, or microbes, are found everywhere - in the air, soil, and water. There are also germs on your skin and in your body. Many of them are harmless, and some can even be helpful. But some of them can make you sick. Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by germs. There are many different... 
HLA Allele Distribution in Romanian People: Clinical Significance and Utility Related to Population Genetic Background He HLA complex is defined by the genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Нese loci play a key role in the immune system response and are among the most polymorphic in humans, comprising more than 20 genes, Here loci have been studied extensively for at least four reasons: (i) for donor-recipient matching in organ and stem cell transplantation success, (ii) due to associations between polymorphisms and response to infectious diseases or susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, (iii) due to associations between particular HLA polymorphisms and... 
Commentary on Association of mir12475p Expression with Clinicopathological Parameters and Prognosis in Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Although great advances have been made in clinical treatments, satisfactory outcomes have not always been achieved. Нus prevention and treatment of breast cancer still remains a concern and challenge for oncologists throughout the world. Early detection is one of the most important methods which might improve the survival of breast cancer patients, so it remains sLJnLٽcDnt to ٽnd new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis estimation of breast... 
Coronavirus Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough,... 
Major Considerations and Outcomes of Clinical Studies on Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Crohn's Introduction: The literature shows a bimodal incidence of Crohn's disease in relation to age, with peaks from 15-40 and from 50-80 years and more women have Crohn's disease than men. Clinical studies have shown a direct correlation of vitamin D deficiency with Crohn's disease. Objective: Using a systematic review, the objective of this study was to identify the main correlations and outcomes of clinical studies about vitamin D in Crohn's disease. Methods: Following the rules for systematic reviews (PRISMA), the key search terms used were Crohn’s... 
MHC Genotyping from Rhesus Macaque Exome Sequences 
Organisation of a Clinical Laboratory Lab management is the- Planning/Strategy Organization Leadership Staff management The skill for management requeries- Well organised Good time management Delegation Communication Problem solving Leadership Administrative and financial skills Forward planning and strategic skills Quality Management system- Monitor and report quality performance and identify opportunities for improvement across entire process: Documented; Monitored; Reviewed; Updated; Audited. Personnel- The most important laboratory resource- Recruitment,; Retention; Competency and Competency assessment; Performance appraisal; Peersonnel records. Facilities and equipment FACILITIES: • Engineering controls for staff safety • Safety equipment EQUIPMENT: • Contemporary... 
Introduction: Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells in lung adenocarcinoma is not well known. Methods: CD3, CD20 and MUM1 immunostains were performed on representative tumor blocks selected from 120 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma cases treated by surgical resection at Mayo Clinic Rochester. CD3+ T-cells, CD20+ B-cells, and MUM1+ plasma cells were enumerated separately in the intraepithelial (IE) compartment and the stroma (ST) by digital image analyses using whole sections. Measured tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells were correlated with patient’s overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Median age of patients was 69 years (range, 46-91 years) and... 
Diagnostic Biomarkers Diagnostic biomarkers are used to confirm that a patient has a particular health disorder. For example, the presence of mutations in the CFTR gene indicate that a newborn has cystic fibrosis. It is “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.” An biomarker has certain characteristics that make it useful for checking on one’s health or disease conditions. An ideal marker should be: Safe and easy to measure Cheap or cost effective so we can do follow tests Changeable with treatments...