Am I Injured? The Confusing Truth about Pain
Most of us like to think we know ourselves fairly well – we know we’re happy when the sun is shining, when we drink a good cup of coffee, or when we spend time with our loved ones. On the other hand, we also know when we’re sad: we may have lost our favourite sneakers, hit a pothole, or experienced emotional trauma. In many ways, all of that seems quite evident to us. Yet things can get rather complicated when it comes to physical injuries. How do we know of we have neck pain, shoulder, or back pain? How do... Read More
More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Persistently infected individuals can develop chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV and HCV share numerous pathogenic mechanisms and strategies of immune escape. Cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), iNKT, and B cells play important roles in HBV and HCV clearance. T cell responses are crucial to prevent and control viral infection; however, virus-specific T cell activities may be rapidly lost during persistent viral infections. This is largely caused by the fact that... 
The Research Topic is designed to feature the latest innovative and leading-edge research, reviews and opinions on the study of complex and dynamic processes related to the mammalian immune system and cancer. All papers will be meticulously selected to present our readers the multidisciplinary approach to tackle the existing challenges faced in these important fields. From high throughput experimental methodologies to computational and theoretical approaches, the articles are intended to introduce physicists, chemists, computer scientists, biologists and immunologists the idea of systems biology approach to the understanding of mammalian immune system and cancer processes. Attention will also be given to... 
Gene Expression - Translation Genes encode proteins and proteins dictate cell function. Therefore, the thousands of genes expressed in a particular cell determine what that cell can do?. Moreover, each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein provides the cell with a potential control point for self-regulating its functions by adjusting the amount and type of proteins it manufactures. At any given time, the amount of a particular protein in a cell reflects the balance between that protein's synthetic and degradative biochemical pathways. On the synthetic side of this balance, recall that protein production starts... 
Contiguous gene syndrome 
Journal of 
Journal of 
Microbes and disease Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian scholar, advanced the notion as early as the mid-1500s that contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another. A description of precisely what is passed along eluded discovery until the late 1800s, when the work of many scientists, Pasteur foremost among them, determined the role of bacteria in fermentation and disease. Robert Koch, a German physician, defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. The foundation of microbiology was securely laid during the period from about 1880 to 1900. Students of... 
Biotic Generation : Microbiology Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life The early Greeks believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) and that the goddess Gea could create life from stones. Aristotle discarded this notion, but he still held that animals could arise spontaneously from dissimilar organisms or from soil. His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as the 17th century, but toward the end of that century a chain of observations, experiments, and arguments began that eventually refuted the idea. This advance in understanding was hard fought, involving series... 
Influenza virus (H1N1) is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish flu. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. Haemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles... 
Considering the community-level of low vision, evaluation the rate of satisfaction of different Low Vision Aids (LVAs) and Quality Of Life (QOL), in Low Visions (LV) who use a kind of them, is very important. This is a cross-sectional study. This study evaluated the rate of satisfaction and QOL in the patients who presented to Cheshmak LV centre in Malayer since 21 June 2012 till 21 June 2015 and received a kind of LVA, with a reliable interviewing questionnaire. Statistical testing was carried out by using the SPSS-18. Two tailed paired ttest and independent t-test were used. Differences were considered... 
Epidemiology of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers in Japan BACKGROUND: Both hypopharyngeal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are rare malignancies. However, it is reported that the incidences of these cancers have increased in Japan. It is known that smoking and drinking are risk factors for both cancers. Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) is regarded as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. In this article the changes in the mortality rates of these cancers are described from the viewpoint of descriptive epidemiology. METHODS: The numbers of deaths due to the 2 cancers from 1979 to 2016 were obtained from the vital statistics of Japan.... 
Case History of Tumor Research Introduction Although the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy a relatively small anatomical space, they are the site of origin of some of the more complex, histologically diverse group of tumours in the entire human body. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and 3% of those occurring in the head and neck. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a highly aggressive and clinicopathologically distinctive carcinoma of uncertain histogenesis that typically presents with locally extensive disease [1]. It was first reported by Frierson et al. [2]. SNUC affects... 
Artificial Intelligence 
Vaccines and Immunization When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as 
Cancer is one of the most vicious disease which is devastating many lives psychologically, physically and in an unhealthy manner. The treatment of cancerous diseases is becoming a major challenge for the scientists and researchers working on chemotherapeutic agents. Traditional pillars of cancer treatment – Surgery, Radiation, and Chemotherapy are moving to two new efficacious approaches: Cancer genomics and immunotherapy. Cancer genomics is the study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between tumour cells and normal host cells. Immuno-oncology is an emerging field that has taken great strides in the fight against cancer, bolstered by a refined understanding... 
On behalf of the 
Journal of Forensic Pathology Being a Managing Editor to Journal of Forensic Pathology, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to all the authors and professionals for your support to the Journal. Your involvement and contributions towards our journal may be a nice support for us. The Journal of Forensic Pathology is a journal publishing peer-reviewed articles of novel and significant discoveries in the fields of Forensic The Journal is successfully running in the 3rd volume which... 
Health ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for 
Light Detection and Ranging is abbreviated as LIDAR, is a remote sensing technology. This technology uses light to measure variable distances to the Earth. The light is emitted in the form of pulsed laser. This technique is an integrated part of remote sensing technology. The sensor emits several thousand infrared laser pulses per second. Depending upon the location and orientation of laser scanner, the range of each echo from a laser pulse is calculated. Thus the received results help to build a 3D elevation map of the surface being measured. LIDAR technology has wide range of applications of which one... 
Current Synthetic and Systems Biology The Current Synthetic and Systems Biology aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality research papers on all topics related to like molecular biology, theoretical biology, structural biology, marine biology etc.. The Journal emphasizes high-level research and education. Original research articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, and letters to the editors in the fields of biology and medical research and separation are most welcome. we are providing reasonable... 
Journal of Developing Drugs, a peer reviewed, Open Access Journal provides an open platform for eminent scientists around the globe to publish their scholarly work in field related to Drugs. Various regulatory approaches for toxic chemicals management are included in scope of Journal of Developing Drugs. Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Pharmaceutical & Toxicology Sciences. The Journal deals with surgery, internal medicine, cardiovascular medicine, complementary medicine, dentistry and oral medicine, pathology, pharmacology and therapeutics, respiratory medicine, rheumatology, drugs and medicines, emergency medicine, infectious diseases, medical education, legal... 
Probiotics in various combinations and in various forms have become popular supplements for establishing and maintaining 
Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Germs, or microbes, are found everywhere - in the air, soil, and water. There are also germs on your skin and in your body. Many of them are harmless, and some can even be helpful. But some of them can make you sick. Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by germs. There are many different... 
HLA Allele Distribution in Romanian People: Clinical Significance and Utility Related to Population Genetic Background He HLA complex is defined by the genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Нese loci play a key role in the immune system response and are among the most polymorphic in humans, comprising more than 20 genes, Here loci have been studied extensively for at least four reasons: (i) for donor-recipient matching in organ and stem cell transplantation success, (ii) due to associations between polymorphisms and response to infectious diseases or susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, (iii) due to associations between particular HLA polymorphisms and... 
Commentary on Association of mir12475p Expression with Clinicopathological Parameters and Prognosis in Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Although great advances have been made in clinical treatments, satisfactory outcomes have not always been achieved. Нus prevention and treatment of breast cancer still remains a concern and challenge for oncologists throughout the world. Early detection is one of the most important methods which might improve the survival of breast cancer patients, so it remains sLJnLٽcDnt to ٽnd new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis estimation of breast... 
Coronavirus Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough,... 
Major Considerations and Outcomes of Clinical Studies on Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Crohn's Introduction: The literature shows a bimodal incidence of Crohn's disease in relation to age, with peaks from 15-40 and from 50-80 years and more women have Crohn's disease than men. Clinical studies have shown a direct correlation of vitamin D deficiency with Crohn's disease. Objective: Using a systematic review, the objective of this study was to identify the main correlations and outcomes of clinical studies about vitamin D in Crohn's disease. Methods: Following the rules for systematic reviews (PRISMA), the key search terms used were Crohn’s... 
MHC Genotyping from Rhesus Macaque Exome Sequences 
Organisation of a Clinical Laboratory Lab management is the- Planning/Strategy Organization Leadership Staff management The skill for management requeries- Well organised Good time management Delegation Communication Problem solving Leadership Administrative and financial skills Forward planning and strategic skills Quality Management system- Monitor and report quality performance and identify opportunities for improvement across entire process: Documented; Monitored; Reviewed; Updated; Audited. Personnel- The most important laboratory resource- Recruitment,; Retention; Competency and Competency assessment; Performance appraisal; Peersonnel records. Facilities and equipment FACILITIES: • Engineering controls for staff safety • Safety equipment EQUIPMENT: • Contemporary... 
Introduction: Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells in lung adenocarcinoma is not well known. Methods: CD3, CD20 and MUM1 immunostains were performed on representative tumor blocks selected from 120 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma cases treated by surgical resection at Mayo Clinic Rochester. CD3+ T-cells, CD20+ B-cells, and MUM1+ plasma cells were enumerated separately in the intraepithelial (IE) compartment and the stroma (ST) by digital image analyses using whole sections. Measured tumor-infiltrating plasma cells and B-cells were correlated with patient’s overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Median age of patients was 69 years (range, 46-91 years) and... 
Diagnostic Biomarkers Diagnostic biomarkers are used to confirm that a patient has a particular health disorder. For example, the presence of mutations in the CFTR gene indicate that a newborn has cystic fibrosis. It is “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.” An biomarker has certain characteristics that make it useful for checking on one’s health or disease conditions. An ideal marker should be: Safe and easy to measure Cheap or cost effective so we can do follow tests Changeable with treatments... 
Bioinformatics Bioinformatics can be defined as “the application of computational tools to organize, analyze, understand, visualize and store information associated with biological macromolecules”. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary scientific field of life sciences. Bioinformatics research and application include the analysis of molecular sequence and genomics data; genome annotation, gene/protein prediction, and expression profiling; molecular folding, modeling, and design; building biological networks; development of databases and data management systems; development of software and analysis tools; bioinformatics services and workflow; mining of biomedical literature and text; and bioinformatics education and training. Astronomical accumulation of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data as well as a... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category: Genetics and molecular Biology Duchenne type muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary muscular disease among children, leaving them wheelchair-bound before the age of twelve and reducing life expectancy. Researchers at Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) and the German Research Center for Environmental Health (Helmholtz Zentrum München) have developed a gene therapy that may provide permanent relief for those suffering from DMD. Muscles need dystrophin in order to regenerate. Persons suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy lack this essential muscular protein due to mutations in the gene which is... 
It gives us great pleasure to announce the call for paper on the occasion of 05th Anniversary of the Journal .The Journal of 
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a minimally invasive surgical treatment which uses nasal endoscopes to enlarge the nasal drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses to improve sinus ventilation. This procedure is generally used to treat inflammatory and infectious sinus diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis that doesn't respond to drugs, nasal polyps, some cancers, and decompression of eye sockets/optic nerve in Graves’s ophthalmopathy. In the surgery, an otolaryngologist removes the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone, while visualizing the nasal passage using a fiberoptic endoscope. FESS can be performed under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure.Generally patients experience only minimal discomfort... 
Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedure that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to an unanesthetized patient, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist General anesthesia suppresses central nervous system activity and results in unconsciousness... 
Public policy is regularly shaken by health crises or unexpected discoveries; future directions in toxicology assessment are therefore urgently needed. This research topic focuses on the toxic effects of pesticides associated with large scale cultivation of genetically modified (GM) plants. Pesticides which are either already commercialized, either awaiting federal approval, include formulations based on glyphosate, glufosinate, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, dicamba, imidazolinones, sulfonylurea, as well as Bt toxins. Additionally, seeds are generally coated with neonicotinoids insecticides. Glyphosate-based herbicides are the major pesticides used worldwide. They are sprayed on cropland, but also on private gardens, city parks or along railways.... 
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are membrane-bound vesicles which are secreted by almost all cell types to the cellular microenvironments and circulation. EVs contain bioactive cargoes such as antigens, cytokines, chemokines, membrane proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs that have the ability to elicit cellular responses. EVs can be released by and also be targeted toward immune cells and act as key mediators of cellular communications. EVs carry specific molecular signatures reflecting the status of parental cells at the time of release. EVs can modulate a variety of immune responses including antigen presentation, immune activation... 
The pupil response is more than a simple light evoked reflex. At any moment, the pupil diameter reflects the activity of complex neurological pathways to changes in the environmental illumination and autonomic activity through parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations. A mobile pupil also modulates retinal illumination and enhances visual performance by affecting depth of focus and optical aberrations. This Research Topic will therefore highlight the latest research on external and internal influences on pupillary responses in humans and animal models. Studies of afferent pathways can include investigations of classical (rod and cone) photoreceptors and the melanopsin expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion... 
A plethora of natural and synthetic chemical compounds are industrially distributed around the world. However, shockingly, the majority of these chemicals have not been comprehensively evaluated for their safety and toxicity due to limitations of standard toxicity testing approaches. Such limitations are due to these methods being performed by in vivo or in vitro analysis for each chemical using experimental analysis or cultured cells, which are often costly and time-consuming processes. Thus, there is a dire need for novel toxicity testing approaches that are more time- and cost-efficient. High-throughput screening provides a far more efficient alternative to... 
The explosion of basic and applied immunology in the first decades of the 21st century has brought forth new opportunities and challenges for immunology education at all academic levels, from professional to undergraduate, medical, graduate and post-graduate instruction. Moreover, developing methods and techniques for educating general audiences on the importance and benefits of immunology will be critical for increasing public awareness and support. One major immediate challenge consists in accommodating, within the confines of traditional immunology curricula, a body of knowledge that continues to grow exponentially in both size and complexity. Furthermore, the practical toolbox of immunological... 
It has been over 70 years since Peter Medawar called the eye immune privileged based on the prolonged survival of allographs within the ocular microenvironment. Over this time, we have come to understand that this unique relationship between the ocular microenvironment and the immune system involves both local and systemic mechanisms of immune suppression and tolerance. This includes a physical blood barrier and lack of direct lymphatics. There are molecules both soluble and membrane-bound expressed by the cells of the ocular microenvironment that suppress immune cells from responding to triggers of inflammation, while they can promote activation of suppressor cells... 
Protein kinase inhibitors (KIs) revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. The number of regulatory agency-approved KIs continues to grow, and their clinical indications are rapidly expanding to non-cancerous diseases. KIs are very often used in the management of lifelong chronic diseases. However, serious adverse reactions, particularly hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, have significantly limited the clinical benefit of KIs. As of July 2019, over a quarter (13 out of 49) of FDA-approved small molecule KIs carry boxed warnings for various life-threatening toxicities in their label, which is the strongest safety warning issued by the FDA. Furthermore, the development of several new KIs... 
Radiation oncology is uniquely positioned to harness the power of big data as vast amounts of data are generated at an unprecedented pace for individual patients in imaging studies and radiation treatments worldwide. The big data encountered in the radiotherapy clinic may include patient demographics stored in the electronic medical record (EMR) systems, plan settings and dose volumetric information of the tumors and normal tissues generated by treatment planning systems (TPS), anatomical and functional information from diagnostic and therapeutic imaging modalities (e.g., CT, PET, MRI and kVCBCT) stored in picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), as well as the genomics,... 
There are increasing lines of evidence showing that neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not limited to the brain but also occurs in the retina. Consequently, AD/PD patients can gradually develop vision problems. This neurological and ophthalmological disorder creates a pressing need for developing therapy to treat vision impairment in AD/PD. On the other hand, pathophysiological changes in the retina may reflect what might happen in the same diseases in the brain. Thus retinal studies may allow us to develop quantifiable measures for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease progression. Furthermore, parallel or early pathophysiological changes... 
Background: An emerging paradigm in predictive toxicology is focused on the interaction among xenobiotics, the host and the microbiome. The outcome of this interaction is an important regulator of many diseases. The microbiome consists of the indigenous microbial communities and the host environment that they inhabit. The microbiome includes microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful, and in a healthy individual, these microbial communities coexist without problems. However, when this balance is disturbed due to the exposure of xenobiotics, dysbyosis can occur. One such factor that is emerging as a regulator of this balance is exposure to environmental pollutants... 
The development of technologies to better characterize patient disease states, including methods such as sequencing, microarrays, metabolomics, and proteomics from multiple tissues, has produced datasets with potential utility in discovering new targets and identification of patients who might benefit from a given therapy. However, establishing a context for the high dimension content of omics datasets is necessary in order to maximize their predictive potential for the impact of single or combination therapies. Progress towards frameworks for omics data interpretation has arguably been uneven across functional cellular systems. For example, signaling systems currently present challenges even at the level of identifying... 
Neurodegeneration & Chronic Inflammation in Eye Disease Chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration have a widely recognized role in the pathogenesis of the main retinal pathologies such as: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and in some idiopathic vitreoretinal disorders such as epiretinal membranes. However the exact mechanism through which inflammation causes alteration of the retinal structure with consequent dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium, of neurons and ultimately of photoreceptors, is not entirely known, just as the molecular basis of fibro- cellular proliferation on the retinal surface in vitreoretinal disorders, is not well known. Neuronal apoptosis with... 
Clinical research is a branch of 
To investigate land use land cover changes (LULCC) in the Kieni sub-county in Central Kenya from 1987 to 2017, remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) was used. This was done by downloading and processing landsat images of 1987, 1995, 2000, 2010 and 2017. Methods employed were, data identification and acquisition, image processing, validation and presentation. There were six classifications analysed which were; bare areas, bushlands, farmlands, forest, grasslands and waterbodies. The results showed an increase in the classes of water bodies, farmlands and bare areas by 314.86%, 160.45% and 73.18% respectively over the 30-year period. The results also showed... 
Genetic disorders Journal of 
WFS patients The 
The 
Part of Microbiology Eukaryotes Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the DNA that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are the site of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. They evolved from symbiotic bacteria and retain a remnant... 
Microbiology 
A 
Aging represents a paradox of immunodeficiency and inflammation (inflamm-aging) and autoimmunity. Over the lifespan there are changes in the architecture and functioning of the immune system often termed “Immunosenescence”. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding the cellular and molecular bases, and genetic and epigenetic changes, in innate and the adaptive immune system during aging. Limited longitudinal studies have begun to reveal biomarkers of immune aging, which are recognized as an “immune risk profile” (IRP) predicting mortality in the very elderly. Hallmark parameters of the IRP may also be associated with poorer responses to vaccination. The usually asymptomatic infection... 
Vitiligo results from a selective loss of epidermal melanocytes and affects around 0.5% of the world population. Both sexes are affected, and there are no apparent differences in rates of occurrence according to phototype or ethnicity. Vitiligo is a disfiguring disease that remains a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the physio-pathology of this disease and the testing of new promising targeted therapies remains of utmost importance for patients. Vitiligo is a complex disease, involving a combination of genetic and environmental factors, together with metabolic and immune alterations. Abnormalities leading to impaired melanocyte regeneration and/or proliferation suggest that defect(s) in... 
T Cell-Dependent in situ Initiation and Systemic Regulation Model ofImmune Responses Hypothesis: A peripheral initiation and systemic response model of immunity.Very few antigen presenting cells (APCs) are able to elicit an immuneresponse. We suggest, that peripheral immune activation, e.g. via theskin, may induce parallel co-migration of dendritic cells (DC’s) andactivated antigen-specific T cells to the draining lymph nodes andbeyond. Herewith, memory-like anti-foreign-reactive T cells inaddition or even superior to naïve T cells once co-migrating to theregional lymph nodes will immediately find optimal stimulatoryconditions to fight systemic spread of infection. Yet, due to lack of localepithelial-specific antigen in the SLO’s, this... 
CX3CR1 Contributes to Nasal Neutrophilia in Airways Allergy: Novel Role for IL-8 in Inducing CX3CR1Expression by Neutrophils Background: CX3CR1 is involved in promotion of inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells to the inflamed tissue. However, no reports studied their expression by neutrophils infiltrating the nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with or without associated airways allergy. Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the expression of CX3CR1 by neutrophil infiltrating the inflamed nasal tissue in patients suffering from CRS, and to study the receptor gene induction in activated human neutrophils. Methods: Immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate CX3CR1 expression by neutrophil cells... 
Testis Morphologic Assessment in Patients undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery with Gender Dysphoria Purpose: To study the morphologic changes to testicular architecture in response to estrogen therapy in gender dysphoric patients undergoing sexual reassignment surgery. Materials and methods: A retrospective morphologic review of testicular architecture was performed on ten cases of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery testis from the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences system. Cases were from adult males undergoing sexual reassignment surgery at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System between 2016 and 2017. Architectural changes were measured including Leydig cell changes, basement membrane fibrosis,... 
Artificial Intelligence 
Vaccines and Immunization When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as 
NEW ISSUE RELEASE ON GENETICS 
Gene- Encoding proteins 
Neuroethics refers to two related fields of study: what the philosopher Adina Roskies has called the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics.The ethics of neuroscience comprises the bulk of work in neuroethics. It concerns the ethical, legal and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which neurotechnology can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thought". Brain interventions The ethics of neurocognitive enhancement, that is the use of drugs and other brain interventions to make normal people "better... 
In Iran, Deaths due to coronary artery diseases is very increasing. And unfortunately every year due to lack of physical activity and decreased cardio activity the age group of this disease is decreasing in a way that now this disease is seen in the youth, And one of basic tools is changing the patients lifestyle in the educational program as a part of the treatment plan. This study has been done with the aim to compare the traditional training methods based on Health Belief Models on exercise performance in patients with myocardial infarction. In this Quasi- Experimental Research 74 patients... 
As prophylactic therapies and vaccines against viral infections continue to improve, drug resistant strains are continuing to arise; therefore it is imperative to develop new therapeutics against these diseases. For highly pathogenic viruses, such as Ebola and H5N1 influenza virus, the need for antivirals is even more urgent due to limited therapeutics against these viruses. Furthermore, the high pathogenicity of such viruses often makes it difficult to work with such agents. In this report, we describe a protocol called “One-stone-two-birds” which provides a safe and efficient screening system to identify anti-flu (entry) and anti-HIV (replication) activities. Using plant extracts as... 
Full-length cDNA clones derived from genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) of Calibrachoa mottle virus (CbMV) were constructed under the control of the T7 RNA promoter and ligated into plasmid pUC-18. The capped and uncapped in vitro transcripts, synthesized from full length genomic cDNA clone pUC-CbMV-FL generated chlorotic local lesions on mechanical inoculated Chenopodium quinoa within 10 to 15 days post-inoculation. The progeny virions recovered from inoculated symptomatic leaves had the same morphological properties as the parental virions. These virions are also reacted positively with CbMV antiserum in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and the viral coat... 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
“Vaccination and Immune Disorders” mainly focuses on the gathering and concentrate on the understanding risks activity on 
The goal of public health is to prevent disease. It's much easier and more cost-effective to prevent a disease than to treat it. That's exactly what immunizations aim to do. Immunizations, or vaccines as they're also known, safely and effectively use a small amount of a weakened or killed virus or bacteria or bits of lab-made protein that imitate the virus in order to prevent infection by that same virus or bacteria. Pathology and Immunology: 
Over the past decade, novel forms of cancer therapies, collectively referred to as cancer immunotherapies, have emerged and yielded spectacular results in unfortunately still a minority of cancer patients. Immunotherapies mobilize the immune system to promote or restore effective anti-tumor immune responses. Pioneer approaches targeting the CTLA-4/B7 and PD1/PDL1 immune checkpoint axes have now reached broad clinical applications. Such treatments often yield sustained benefits, but strong responses are observed in only a minority of treated patients, whereas resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is observed in a substantial fraction of patients. Primary or acquired resistance to ICIs are common, making... 
Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence There is an increasing need for the application of 
Oral cancer occurs globally in approximately 355,000 people a year, with a progressive increase in the last decades. Nonetheless, diagnosis, tumor staging, treatment, and survival results have not significantly improved over the last 50 years. Recent advances in basic and translational research allowed to better clarify the etiopathogenetic mechanisms initiating and driving oral cancer, with a particular focus on its interrelation with the surrounding microenvironment and immune contexture. On this conceptual basis, a comprehensive analysis of individual patients through precision medicine techniques may enable to finetune each step of oral cancer management in order to personalize diagnosis,... 
Every year at least 1.3 million of newly diagnosed cancers, accounting for 12% of all diagnosis worldwide, are a direct consequence of different oncogenic viral infections. These chronic viral infections and viral-associated malignancies are present in all geographic locations but are more prevalent in developing countries. However, their prevalence in developed countries is increasing due to multiple factors including iatrogenic immunosuppression, HIV infection, changes in sexual practices and immigration patterns. Even though oncogenic viruses are genetically diverse ‐ with both RNA and DNA viruses being able to establish malignancies ‐ they all share a common characteristic -... 
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth treatment modality, in addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These advances are the result of important discoveries in the field of regulation of the immune response, specially on the mechanisms which turn "on" and "off" immune responses. A disease which has proved to be a canonical model to test therapeutic immunotherapy approaches is the immunogenic cutaneous melanoma. So far, "passive" immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies has outpaced "active" immunotherapy with antitumor vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies which antagonize the "off" responses have been recently introduced in clinical practice. In spite of... 
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in orchestrating antitumor immune responses due to their capability of regulating innate and adaptive immunity. DCs can elicit tumor specific cytotoxic immunity through both the induction of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the stimulation of killing activity of innate immune cells, such as NK cells and NKT cells. Although a compelling body of preclinical studies strongly supports the potential application of DCs in the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors, DC-based immunotherapy remains rarely used in the clinical practice. Moreover, in the last decade, the clinical trials employing DC-based vaccines, often... 
This “Research Topic” is a call for papers to provide an up-to-date overview of current efforts to understand the immunological mechanisms of neoantigen directed T-cell immunity and the attempts to harvest this source of antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the work of different groups revealed that neoepitope-specific T cells are crucial for clinical responses mediated by adoptive transfer of autologous TILs or by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials demonstrated clear evidence for the feasibility of individualized vaccination or adoptive cell therapy of cancer patients utilizing unique mutations as targets. Neoantigens may therefore constitute the Achilles´ heel of tumor... 
Immunotherapy is a modern and extremely promising treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, often providing long-term clinical benefits or even, in some cases, a complete recovery. Although many patients can now benefit from this form of treatment, the major limitations include high variability in response to treatment and difficulties in the proper qualifications for therapy. Precise predictive factors for immunotherapy have not been determined yet, and this remains subject to further research. Examination of PD-L1 expression on cancer cells and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in qualification for immunotherapy is insufficient. Relatively often the response to... 
Immunotherapy, which activates the body’s immune system, has drawn great attention in recent years due to its significant effects. It has been more than 100 years since the first immunotherapy report in 1911 by Leonard Noon. In 1954, Frankland reported the first double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial in immunotherapy. Since then, immunotherapy has been utilised in different diseases, including asthma and reactions to skin allergens. Harnessing the immune system for therapeutic benefit in cancer has long been an aim of immunologists and oncologists. In the past 20 years, great progress has been achieved. Notably, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or... 
Exopolysaccharides produced by 
Rheumatoid joint inflammation is analyzed dependent on the aftereffects of joint x-beams and a rheumatoid factor test (which is sure in about 70% of individuals with side effects). It might likewise be found in those without rheumatoid joint inflammation, so it normally isn't utilized alone for a conclusion. An increasingly explicit blood test known as the counter cyclic citrullinated peptide (against CCP) may likewise be requested. Individuals who are certain for against CCP for the most part have rheumatoid joint pain. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate) might be raised, which shows an incendiary procedure in the body. The total... 
Rheumatoid joint pain is a long haul, immune system malady that causes joint growing (aggravation), torment, redness, warmth, and firmness. The wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and lower legs are most ordinarily included. The reason for rheumatoid joint inflammation isn't known. Rheumatoid joint inflammation for the most part influences joints on the two sides of the body similarly, and grows gradually after some time. It can likewise influence different organs in the body. Beginning treatment at analysis can assist with constraining changeless joint devastation. About 1%, or 1 out of every 100 individuals, has rheumatoid arthritis. It can occur at any... 
Impact of progression at baseline and on-treatment progression events in three large prostate cancer trials Abstract Background There is a discussion about the optimal timing to initiate or switch treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This post hoc analysis of 3 large trials for men with mCRPC examined the influence of the type of progression at initiation of first-line chemotherapy, as well as the type of progression during treatment, on treatment outcomes. Methods Data from the phase III studies VENICE (n = 1224), TAX327 (n = 1006) and FIRSTANA (n = 1168) were used as independent data sets. Type... 
Eukaryotes –Part of Microbiology Eukaryotes Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the DNA that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are the site of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. They evolved from symbiotic bacteria and retain a... 
Evolution - Applied Microbiology 
Working stance is the stance received by a worker while performing work assignments. It very well may be adjusted regularly, or a solitary stance can be continued for an all-inclusive time. The human body can be spoken to by sections, for example, an arm, lower arm, thigh or trunk, associated with different portions by joints. Working stance can be portrayed by points between body sections. Musculoskeletal burden identified with word related work is regularly a reason in the improvement of business related musculoskeletal issue (MSDs). The danger of creating musculoskeletal issue is firmly connected to biomechanical and psychosocial factors identified... 
Effect of organised cervical cancer screening on cervical cancer mortality in Europe Abstract Background Organised cervical cancer (CC) screening programmes are delivered in many different ways across the European Union and its regions. Our aim was to systematically review the impact of these programs on CC mortality. Methods Two independent reviewers identified all eligible studies investigating the effect of organised screening on CC mortality in Europe. Six databases including Embase, Medline and Web of Science were searched (March 2018) with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only original studies with at least five years of follow-up were considered. Validated tools were... 
The feat, reported in the scientific journal Nature Biotechnology, offers gene therapy designers what may be the first viable technique for adjusting the activity levels of their therapeutic genes. The lack of such a basic safety feature has helped limit the development of gene therapy, which otherwise holds promise for addressing genetically based conditions. The scientists' technique appears to solve a major safety issue and may lead to more use of the strategy. 
NEW 2020 ISSUE ON GENETICS 
Gene Encode proteins 
A baseline of healthy ageing Every person has around 
What is an 
Animal ethics is a term used in academia to name the branch of 
Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for 
Prompt restoration of lost fluids and salts is the primary goal of cholera treatment. 
The aim of the present study was to characterise anti-vaccinia virus activities of anionic exopolysaccharides TK V3 isolated from cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis and an exopolysaccharide isolated from the rhodophyt Porphyridium purpureum, respectively. These substances have previously been shown to be active against other enveloped viruses. We determined the in vitro inhibition of GFP-expressing vaccinia virus replication of 50 % at a concentration of 0.65 µg/ ml for EPS and of 0.78 µg/ml for TK V3. Substances also had an antiviral effect against ectromelia virus which is a most distinct orthopoxvirus genetically and the causative agent of mousepox. Anti-vaccinia virus and... 
Accurate quantifi cation of HIV-1 viral load (VL) is crucial for disease monitoring and management. This study was designed to compare HIV-1 VL determination between two of the major commercial real-time PCR-based methods, i.e., the Roche’s COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test and the Abbott Real Time HIV-1 Assay. Out of 308 paired plasma tested, 85.1% (262/308) of test results were concordant with 173 samples were quantifi able for VL and 89 were “Not Detected” (ND). There was a strong overall correlation of the quantifi able VL between the two methods (R2 =0.952). Comparison of the mean VL with differences of... 
Authors: Emam AO* and Sahar A. Nasser Title: Effect of Salting Technique on Shreddability, Texture Profile and Microstructure of the Pre-Acidified Cow’s Mozzarella Cheese Description: As per Researchers point of this examination is to explore the impact of salting method together with sort of pre-acidification utilized corrosive on shreddability, texture profile and microstructure of the full fat cow’s 
Giant Lipoma of the Shoulder: A Conundrum in a Child Lipomas are the most common soft tissue tumors that are encountered in clinical practice; however, the giant lipomas are extremely uncommon and are entities of great concern as they can often create a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenge owing to their size, location and their close relationship with other benign and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms. These tumors are rarer in children as compared to the adults, with very few cases reported in the surgical literature worldwide. We herein present a case of a giant lipoma of the right shoulder in... 
Enhanced Expression of Robo4 Ameliorates LPS Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice through Binding to Rhoa Robo4 maintains the barrier function of the mature vascular network by inhibiting endothelial permeability induced by pro-angiogenic factor and the function of Robo4 was tissue specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and signaling pathways of Robo4 in pulmonary endothelial permeability in Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Mice were challenged by intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of LPS (15 mg/kg) 48 h after gene transfer of Retro-hRobo4. Protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung wet/dry ratio, lung injury score,... 
Journal of 
On behalf of the 
The DNA molecule inside the nucleus of any human cell is more than six feet long. To fit into such a small space, it must fold into precise loops that also govern how genes are turned on or off. It might seem counterintuitive that bits of DNA that randomly move about the genome can provide stability to these folding patterns. Indeed, the discovery contradicts a long-held assumption that the precise order of letters in the DNA sequence always dictates the broader structure of the DNA molecule. In places where the larger 3D folding of the genome is the same between... 
Applications of Microbiology While some fear microbes due to the association of some microbes with various human diseases, many microbes are also responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol, vinegar and dairy products), antibiotic production and act as molecular vehicles to transfer DNA to complex organisms such as plants and animals. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system.[citation needed] Bacteria can be used for... 
Birth of Applied Microbiology 
Genetic Syndrome and Gene Therapy New Arena Visakhapatnam, 29-11-2019 The Journal of 
Gene Expression New arena Visakhapatnam, 29-11-2019 Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy enhancing the academic communication between scholars and seeking professionals to join as an editorial board Member (or) reviewer team. The Journal of 
miRNAs are a class of endogenous, small, noncoding, ~22 nucleotides single-stranded RNAs that act as posttranscriptional regulators in eukaryotes . They have reported to be located mostly within noncoding regions of genomes, and usually transcribed from RNA polymerase II promoters . The generation of mature miRNA is a complicated enzyme-catalyzed process, from the initial transcript pri-miRNA to the precursor (pre-miRNA) with a characteristic hairpin structure, then a miRNA duplex 
Recognition of oesophageal injury is often delayed due to its protean manifestations. Principles of management are: control of sepsis and contamination by diversion and/ or drainage, nutrition, broad spectrum antibiotics and restoration of continuity. Age, general condition of the patient, aetiology, the anatomical location and size of perforation, early versus delayed presentation, clinical condition of the patient, underlying oesophageal disease and other associated co-morbid medical conditions are important determinants of the outcome. Primary repair is the gold standard treatment in early hours. Drainage and diversion are required when perforation is not localised and in late and unstable cases. Endoscopic stenting... 
The mediastinum starts from thoracic inlet superiorly and up to the diaphragm inferiorly, bounded laterally by both the pleura. It’s further divided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum to categorize the tumor and diseases of mediastinum according to their site and location. A variety of tumor and cysts occur in the mediastinum and affect people of all ages. Primary mediastinal tumors are rare representing 3% of all tumors within the chest with an average incidence of 8 cases seen per year2-4. Neoplastic masses can be both benign and malignant in nature and can be primary or secondary in origin. The... 
Celiac Disease (CD) or gluten sensitive enteropathy is anautoimmune disorder characterised by variable presentations which respond to exclusion of wheat and other gluten containing products. While exclusion of gluten is the corner stone in the management ofthis entity, newer therapeutic approaches are now being investigated. These include use of elemental diets, oral prolyl-endopeptidases, IL-15blockage, transamidation of wheat and use of 
A study on the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic diseases with a high carriage rate within the global population in Senegal was conducted among HIV-infected persons. A systematic parasitological stool test from 150 patients HIV infected showed a low carriage rate10.6% (16/150). The following parasites were isolated: Entamoeba coli 4% (6/150), Ascaris lumbricoides 2.6% (4/150) and Trichuris trichiura 1.3% (2/150). The 31-50 age group was the most affected one. The carriage rate stood at 93.3% among patients with a CD4 T-cell rate <500/ mm3, without any significant difference compared to intestinal parasite negative patients. In tropical areas, one of the... 
Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion. A similar procedure after the fetus has potential to survive outside the womb is known as a "late termination of pregnancy" or less accurately as a "late term abortion". Types: Induced: An induced... 
Gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989. Cell types: Somatic: In somatic cell gene therapy (SCGT), the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. Any such modifications affect... 
Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence There is an increasing need for the application of 
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Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Genetics and molecular Biology Description: Cell Structure of Human cell recently discovered The structure is a new type of protein complex that the cell uses to attach to its surroundings and proves to play a key part in cell division.The cells in a tissue are surrounded by a net-like structure called the extracellular matrix. To attach itself to the matrix the cells have receptor molecules on their surfaces, which control the assembly of large protein complexes inside them. These so-called adhesion complexes connect the outside to the cell interior and also signal to the... 
Death from cancer among intellectually disabled persons in Japan BACKGROUND: It is important to know the causes of death of intellectually disabled (ID) persons, but there have been few reports about them in Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The numbers of deaths due to the diseases of the large classification of the ICD10 (Chapters 1-14) in 2005 in 5-year age categories were obtained from the vital statistics of Japan (excluding Chapters 15-22; i.e., external causes, etc.). The numbers of persons in 2005 in 5-year age categories were obtained from the census of Japan. Based on these data, the general mortality rates of the... 
Methods of inducing breast cancer in animal models: a systematic review Abstract Objective: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and the most common cancer in women. With respect to a large number of limitations in human studies, there is the need to develop experimental animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of breast cancer in laboratory animals. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. Articles were extracted with selected keywords from the PubMed, SID, Springer, Medlib and SinceDirect databases without any language restrictions. 450 articles... 
Immunotherapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies. In recent years, immunotherapy has become of great interest to researchers, clinicians and pharmaceutical companies, particularly in its promise to treat various forms of cancer. Immunomodulators: Immunomodulators are the active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations. Activation immunotherapies: Cancer: Cancer treatment used to be focused on killing or removing cancer... 
Cancer immunotherapy (sometimes called immuno-oncology) is the artificial stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving on the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology and a growing subspeciality of oncology. It exploits the fact that cancer cells often have tumor antigens, molecules on their surface that can be detected by the antibody proteins of the immune system, binding to them. The tumor antigens are often proteins or other macromolecules (e.g. carbohydrates). Normal antibodies bind to external pathogens, but the modified immunotherapy antibodies bind to the tumor... 
Immunoinformatics Approach-Multiple Peptides Vaccine Design from Glycoprotein E of Herpes Simplex Virus-3 Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen, causing infections of orofacial mucosal surfaces (HSV-1) and genital mucosal surfaces (HSV-2). Productive infection results in the formation of vesicular lesions in the mucosal epithelia, followed by spread of the virus to sensory neurons and establishment of a latent infection that may remain for the life of the host. Material and method: All sequences of glycoprotein E [Human herpes virus 3] were obtained from NCBI and these sequences were subjected to IEDB predicted tools, including B cell and... 
Advances in 3D Printing: 
Androgen Receptor as Prognostic Marker in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of androgen receptor (AR) expression in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods/patients: 101 patients treated for primary TNBC without distant metastasis from 1999 to 2015 were identified from breast surgery database. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models evaluated disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: AR expression was positive (IHC>1%) in 40% of patients. OS at 36 and 60 months was 86% and 80% in AR-negative patients, and 100% and 96% in AR-positive patients (log rank test... 
Traditionally, 
Over the past two decades, medicine has been moving towards data-driven diagnoses and personalized therapies based on molecular information.1 Oncology is a prime example, with an ever-growing range of precision drugs designed to target specific driver mutations in cancer cells. However, while these drugs have provided some benefits, they have failed to transform survival in most tumor types. Frustratingly, identification of a particular genetic alteration is not enough to guarantee that a treatment will work. For example, drugs targeting the overactive V600E form of the signaling protein BRAF are effective in melanoma but have no activity in colorectal... 
Every person distills down to a script of DNA, and researchers are increasingly mining this genetic information to better inform care. Now, scientists have shown how RNA -- an offshoot of DNA -- is coming into its own as doctors sleuth out difficult-to-diagnose illnesses. In a new study in Nature Medicine, Stephen Montgomery, PhD, a Stanford associate professor of pathology and of genetics, shows why the transcriptome, the collection of RNA molecules in a cell, is a crucial clue to help decipher the source of some rare diseases. I had a chance to chat with Montgomery, getting his take on the value of transcriptomics,... 
Gene Mutations 
Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy Journal of 
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be prevented by vaccination with HB surface antigen, which induces HBS specific antibodies and T cells. But the immunization status of workers and its relationship with occupational factors are not well documented. The goal is to examine the factors of risk and the immunization status against HBV among a population of workers. An assessment of the vaccination and the immunization status against HBV was conducted among a miscellaneous population of French workers, recruited from a medical occupational center, during a cross-sectional study. A representative sample of a population of 3000 workers enrolled, was... 
The conventional diagnosis of congenital rubella is a rare occurrence of an obvious maternal exposure, resulting in an infant born with obvious signs such as cataracts, deafness, microcephaly or congenital heart disease. In this case, a mother with no known symptom, sign or exposure of rubella gave birth to a male infant without complication. The infant had no notable abnormalities at birth. The boy had developmentally delayed, and between the ages of five and seven years was diagnosed with autism. At the age of ten years, an MRI of his brain evidenced a remote stroke. Careful examination of all medical... 
Medical Microbiology : A Guide to Microbial Infections Applied Microbiology: Open Access is a scholarly open access journal that deals with the study of Medical microbiology the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness, Pharmaceutical microbiology the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and vaccines, Industrial microbiology the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes It’s our privilege to recite you as a foremost strategist in the realm of research and invite you to endowment your research penmanship and publication in forth coming issue (volume... 
Latest update of Applied Microbiology LATEST RESEARCH NEWS ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We have determined how most of the transcriptional regulators encoded within the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiaeassociate with genes across the genome in living cells. even as maps of metabolic networks describe the potential pathways which will be employed by a cell to accomplish metabolic processes, this network of regulator-gene interactions describes potential pathways yeast cells can use to manage global organic phenomenon programs. We use this information to spot network motifs, the only units of specification, and demonstrate that an automatic process can use... 
Journal of 
Bioethics reflects about much health related issues. Spiritual aspects involved in decision making are one of them. The inclusion of spiritual aspects in the Bioethics arena does not remove the secular character of bioethical reflection. In contrast, considering spiritual aspects may gave a broad and more complex understanding about motivations associated with the decisions that people make the Clinical Bioethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, since 1993, had the mission to assist health professionals, patients and families in bioethical issues associated with the decision making process. Individual food choices can be conditioned by a great variety... 
Introduction: Emergency hospital admissions have been increasing in the UK over recent years [1,2]. With the predicted increase of about 53% in the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the UK between 2001 and 2013 [3] this trend is set to continue as some evidence suggest that the ageing population structure will be associated with increases in the number and frequency of emergency admissions [4]. In addition to its impact on health service resources, hospitalisation can lead to adverse consequences particularly for older people, including breakdown of formal and informal care, loss of social networks, and premature... 
Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria; they are obligate intracellular parasites also require their own metabolism. Phages are excessively host-specific, capable only to infect certain classifications or even strains. Following their detection beginning in the 20th century, phages were expansively applied to treat diverse bacterial disorders in people and animals. At present, as the problem of antibiotic resistance serves ever more severe, several scientists also clinicians are observing again at bacteriophages as a therapeutic choice in the treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the effects of bacteriophages for detection and control... 
The drug industry is one of the major players guiding the development of the medicines, biotechnology & pharmacology field. Drug discovery is the process by which drugs are discovered and designed. It is a process which aims at identifying a compound therapeutically useful in curing & treating disease. The process of drug discovery involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening & assays for therapeutic efficacy. Once a compound has shown its value in these tests, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. Developing a new drug is a tedious & expensive undertaking, despite promising... 
It is imperative to continue efforts to identify novel effective therapies that can assist in containing the spread of HIV. Recently acquired knowledge about the HIV entry process points to new strategies to block viral entry. For most HIV strains, the successful infection of their target cells is mainly dependent on the presence of the CD4 surface molecule, which serves as the primary virus receptor. The attachment of the viral envelope to this cellular CD4 receptor can be considered as an ideal target with multiple windows of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, drugs that interfere with the CD4 receptor, and... 
Sociology is the field of sciences worried about the investigations of the public activity of human gatherings and people. Social examinations is a term used to portray the expansive investigation of different fields which includes past and current human conduct and connections. Research &Review: Journal of Social Science on revelation and development in different angles like Sociology, Geography, Economics, History, Cultural examinations, Ethnography, Sociolinguistics, Home science, Demography, Political sciences and so forth Surveys, Mini Reviews, Short Communications, Perspectives/Opinions, Letters, Short Note and Commentaries are acknowledged for production. This is an open access diary where one can discover logical research as... 
Teratogen: A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or foetus Teratogenicity: It refers to the capacity of a drug to cause foetal abnormalities when administered to the pregnant mother. Drugs can affect the foetus at 3 stages: Fertilization and implantation: conception to 17 days—failure of pregnancy which often goes unnoticed. Organogenesis: 18 to 55 days of gestation, most vulnerable period, deformities are produced. Growth and development: 56 days onwards —developmental and functional abnormalities can occur Some Drugs and Its Teratogenic effects: Thalidomide: Thalidomide is widely used drug in 1950 and... 
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive remedy is an open access, peer reviewed journal that publishes data on clinical, preventative, healing and social factors of Transmittable diseases. Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive medication focus on discovery and innovation in more than a few aspects of Infectious Disease Eradication, Neglected Diseases, Nosocomial Infection, Threshold Host Density, Microbiome Project, Pandemics, Mycology, Airborne Disease etc. Reviews, Mini Reviews, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives/Opinions, Letters, Short Note and Commentaries are usual for publication. The Journal is correctly walking in the 7th Volume which covers a huge variety The Journal emphasizes high-level lookup and... 
Maturing is the on-going period of our lives not just for individuals likewise for living life forms. A few of us are intrigued to be sound and youthful during 70's and 80's of our life and even researchers working in this field are distinguishing exceptional courses in making new Anti-maturing creams, hostile to wrinkle creams, things important to maintain a strategic distance from to stay away from age related infections (making them to change the way of life) and to improve the psychological abilities. 
Dermatology centers around the analysis and treatment of conditions identified with skin, hair and nails. It additionally focuses on keeping up the wellbeing of your skin. Your skin is your body's biggest organ, which covers and secures your body. Anything that aggravates stops up or arouses your skin can cause side effects, for example, redness, growing, consuming and tingling. As of now in time, the whole world is experiencing skin related ailments like psoriasis, skin inflammation, dermatitis, rashes, skin inflammation, dandruff, skin contaminations, skin consumes, rosacea, Vitiligo, moles, skin labels and so on. As an outcome we need to offer... 
The microorganisms impact the endurance of each animal on the planet. Not every one of them causes sicknesses but rather larger part is totally innocuous. As Bacteria and Parasite are an extent of Microbiology, they are additionally the explanation behind existing diseases on the planet. On a very basic level, we need to understand that Disease is the point at which the contamination makes harm the person's essential capacities or frameworks. A contamination doesn't generally bring about sickness! They cause reactions as well as these moment living things are fundamental to the cycling of supplements in the eco-frameworks of the... 
Objective: Phytochemical constituents of herbal extracts has shown positive response of antioxidant activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of polyphenolic flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of stem of Nicotiana tabacum. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids contents were determined by both thin layer chromatography and aluminium chloride colorimetric method, where as phenolic content was determine by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Antioxidant activity was observed by determining the electron transfer (DPPH free radical scavenging), enzymatic biochemical assay (SOD and GST activity) and nonenzymatic biochemical assay (GSH content and lipid peroxidation). Results: Flavonoid and phenolic content were found... 
Immunotherapy: Open Access was congratulating its authors of most cited articles. The article entitled “
Cancer immunotherapy is a therapy used to treat cancer patients that involves or uses components of the immune system. Some cancer immunotherapies consist of antibodies that bind to, and inhibit the function of, proteins expressed by cancer cells. Other cancer immunotherapies include vaccines and T cell infusions. Cancer research ranges from epidemiology, molecular bioscience to the performance of clinical trials to evaluate and compare applications of the various cancer treatments. These applications include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and combined treatment modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy. Starting in the mid-1990s, the emphasis in clinical cancer research shifted towards... 
Lyme Disease Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and rarely, Borrelia mayonii. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. Lyme disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings (e.g., rash), and the possibility of exposure to infected ticks. Laboratory testing is helpful if used correctly and performed with validated methods. Most cases... 
Meningioma with Remarkable Multiple Rosette Formation: A Diagnostically Difficult Case Lipomas are the most common soft tissue tumors that are encountered in clinical practice; however, the giant lipomas are extremely uncommon and are entities of great concern as they can often create a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenge owing to their size, location and their close relationship with other benign and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms. These tumors are rarer in children as compared to the adults, with very few cases reported in the surgical literature worldwide. We herein present a case of a giant lipoma of the right shoulder in an... 
Lentinan Exerts its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Suppressing TNFR1 Transfer to the Surface of Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Dectin-1 in an in vitro and mice model It has been reported that lentinan, β-1,3; 1,6-glucan derived from Lentinula edodes, suppresses intestinal inflammation and ameliorates symptoms of colitis. However, the mechanism of intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of lentinan and how it is recognized by intestinal epithelial cells remains largely unclear. The receptor for lentinan on intestinal epithelial cells was identified using an in vitro gut inflammation model consisting of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. Colitis was induced in 7 to 8 week-old wild-type (WT) or... 
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis -- or TB, as it’s commonly called- is a contagious infection that usually attacks your lungs. It can spread to other parts of your body, like your brain and spine. A type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it. There are two forms of the disease: Latent TB: You have the germs in your body, but your immune system stops them from spreading. That means you don’t have any symptoms and you’re not contagious. But the infection is still alive in your body and can one day become active. If you’re at high risk for re-activation -- for... 
Food Borne Illness Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes. Symptoms vary depending on the cause, and are described below in this article. A few broad generalizations can be made. For contaminants requiring an incubation period, symptoms may not manifest for hours to days, depending on the cause and on quantity of consumption. Longer... 
Immunotherapy: Open Access has published an article entitled “Bidirectional Regulation of A beta Aggregates: Focus on TherapeuticTargets for Alzheimer's Disease” in its volume 3 Issue 3 written by Ying Zhang, and Jiang-Tao Li. The article explains about Bidirectional Regulation of A beta Aggregates: Focus on TherapeuticTargets for Alzheimer's Disease. Commentary was as follows regarding Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia of agingadult, characterized by progressive amyloid aggregates in the brain andimpairment in cognition and memory. In recent year, data fromclinical trials and mouse models showed that Aβ immunotherapy hadbrought new hopes to AD treatment, although undesirable... 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is one of the most promising and rapidly developing areas of cancer research. The journal focuses on the development of new therapies which improve human body’s immune response against cancer.Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in the area of cancer biology, tumor and stem cell biology, immunology, microenvironment and immunology, molecular and cellular pathobiology, immuno-oncology, prevention and epidemiology, therapeutics and targets. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is focused on publishing articles on various areas of immunotherapy like cancer immunotherapy, tumor... 
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is a specialist branch of dentistry which specialize in disorders of the mouth, teeth, jaws and facial structures. It encompasses diagnosis, surgical and related management of various conditions such as impacted/embedded teeth misaligned jaws, facial pain and trauma, snoring/obstructive sleep apnea and oral cancer. Major complex surgery in OMFS is exciting, and often collaborative. It includes: craniofacial surgery for congenital problems, cancer and injuries involving the skull base, facial surgery for cancer, skin cancer surgery. Certain list of procedures undertaken by oral and maxillofacial surgeons include: surgical treatment of facial injuries, removal of head and neck... 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It focuses on becoming one of the best peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in cancer biology, tumor, radiology, metastatis, cancer immunotherapy, oncology, radiation therapy etc This Journal provides a unique forum dedicated to scientists to express their research articles, review articles, case reports and short communications on any array of latest cancer research and Immuno-Oncology. The Journal of Cancer... 
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science which deals with an organism’s response towards an invading environmental factor. This process involves a complex interplay of invading particle and defence system of the host organism along with successive cascading molecular mechanism to eliminate the invading agent. Immunotherpay: Open Access is using Editorial Tracking System for quality in review process. Editorial Tracking is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems used by most of the best open access journals. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Immunotherpay: Open Access or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers... 
The 
Food Microbiology – main part to learn to be healthy Applied Microbiology: Open Access is a scholarly open access journal that deals with the study of Medical microbiology the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness, Pharmaceutical microbiology the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and vaccines, Industrial microbiology the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes It’s our privilege to recite you as a foremost strategist in the realm of research and invite you to endowment your research penmanship and publication in forth coming issue... 
Inviting for Articles : Applied Microbiology Applied Microbiology is a peer-reviewed Open Access Journal, encourages on-going international research and articles related to but not limited to Medical microbiology, pathogenic microbes, Pharmaceutical microbiology (antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines) Industrial microbiology, Microbial biotechnology, Plant pathology, Veterinary, Food, Agricultural, Soil, Environmental Microbiology, etc. It’s our privilege to recite you as a foremost strategist in the realm of research and invite you to endowment your research penmanship and publication in forth coming issue in the form of Research, Reviews, Commentaries, Letter to Editor, Case Reports, Short Communication, Images, Conference Proceedings which will be published in... 
Genetic syndromes-New 2020 Issue Journal of 
Gene Mapping NLM ID: 101574143 Index Copernicus Value 2016: 84.15 The Journal of 
In 2014 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) approved a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for all adults at age 65 years. This further complicated the pneumococcal vaccination schedule, which was already one of the most complicated schedules. This study documents simplified schedules that were considered and discarded by the pneumococcal working group before making the most recent recommendation. We examined the marginal cost-effectiveness of several simplified schedules for older adults (age 50+ years) when compared with current recommendations. Our primary outcome was the cost-effectiveness ratio of quality-adjusted life years to cost. We used a probabilistic model... 
The capacity of bacteria to resist against the ejects of an antibiotic is called antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is due to the change in bacteria by some approach that eliminates or reduces the efficiency of chemicals, drugs, or other agents designed for treatment against infections. The survival and continuously multiplication of bacteria causes more destruction in human body. A few years back, main focus of research was centered regarding gram-positive bacteria resistant. Currently, clinical microbiologists strongly are in view that multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are the major risk for human health. The gram-negative bacteria resistance increasing faster than in gram-positive bacteria.... 
Diverse Diagnosis of a Single Sinonasal Mass and how was Mystery Solved Abstract Background: Although the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy a relatively small anatomical space, they are the site of origin of some of the more complex, histologically diverse group of tumours in the entire human body. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and 3% of those occurring in the head and neck. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a very rare tumour with fewer than 100 reported cases. Case report: In our case, a 50yr female came to the... 
Multifocal Angiosarcoma of the Scalp: Review of the Literature and Report of Two Cases Abstract Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck is a rare disease with a very difficult treatment. We report two cases of patients with cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp and a review of the literature. Both patients were female and their average age was 70.3 years. In the two cases, the clinical presentation of the angiosarcoma was a multifocal tumor of the scalp with bleeding and ulceration. One of the patients had regional lymph node metastasis and the other had lung metastasis. Both lesions received... 
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Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology brings articles in all areas related to cancer immunotherapy, immunotherapy, tumor immunology, necrosis, nucleic acid research, immune suppression, immunosurveillance, tumor immunity, immunotherapies, metastatic cancer, immune system, chemotherapy, etc. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It focuses on becoming one of the best peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in cancer biology, tumor, radiology, metastatis, cancer immunotherapy, oncology, radiation therapy etc... 
Immunotherapy: Open Access has recently published an article entitled “Multiplex Immunohistochemistry: The Importance of Staining Order WhenProducing a Validated Protocol” in its volume 5 Issue 2 written by Jihad Syed, Jack Ashton, Jesuchristopher Joseph, Gemma N Jones, Christian Slater, Alan Sharpe,Garry Ashton, William Howat, Richard Byers, Helen K Angell from Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK. The article explains about the complexity of multifactorial diseases, such as cancer, poses significant challenges to the development of personalised therapies. Integrated digital histological analysis of tumoursprovides a better understanding of the... 
Teucrium (Lamiaceae) is a large and polymorphic genus distributed mainly in the Europe, North Africa and in the temperate parts of Asia. In Iran, 12 species are native. In this study, the anatomical features of the leaf and stem Teucrium polium are investigated. T. polium belonging to sect. Polium is a perennial herb growing on Lorestan province. The anatomical studies on T. polium revealed that the stem shares the general characteristics of the Labiatae family. The leaves clearly exhibit xeromorphy due to features such as the thick cuticle layer, thick outer epidermal cell wall, a high density of trichomes and... 
The seed morphology of six species of the genus Juncus L. (Juncaceae), involving wild annuals and perennials was studied in Northeast of Iran using Light and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Seed morphology (light microscope) of the investigated species exhibits certain variations in shape, size and surface ornamentation. Results of SEM analysis reveals that there are different patterns of seed surface. Seed shape and surface structure exhibit some diversity among taxa indicating systematic significance in species differentiation. An identification key to the investigated taxa is provided based on seed characters in this research. he genus Juncus L. (Juncaceae) is a widely... 
Dengue fever has become a global concern as dengue infections are prevalent in the tropics and the subtropics, and can lead to a severe life-threatening illness. Currently, there is a widespread interest to search for vaccine or antiviral therapy to combat DENV infection. In this study, we have identified emetine dihydrochloride with potent antiviral activity against DENV infection. Emetine was also shown to inhibit DENV replication consistently in all the dengue serotypes. Experiments were designed to define the stage of viral replication cycle at which emetine blocked DENV infection. Emetine did not target the entry process of DENV into cells... 
HIV infection is a leading health problem across the entire world, including United States. Recent advances in medicine have led to a significant decline in mortality associated with HIV infection and hence increased life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals. Cardiovascular complications represent an increasingly important health concern in HIV-infected population especially after the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy. Numerous research studies have demonstrated the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in HIV infected individuals. The etiology of the preponderance of cardiovascular manifestations associated with HIV is still not well established. It may be attributed to virus itself, the effects of anti-retroviral medications; or... 
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has shownsignificant efficacy in treating patients with refractory B-cellleukemia and lymphoma [1,2]. However, CAR-T therapy hasyielded less favorable results in treating patients with solidtumors such as pancreatic, ovarian or mesothelioma cancers[3-5]. One of the major obstacles in treating solid tumors withCAR-T is the scarcity of antigen that is uniformly expressed intumor cells such as CD19 in B cell hematologic malignancies[6,7]. Therefore, designing a CAR against an antigen that ishighly expressed in cancer cells but either has negligible orreduced expression in normal tissues to avoid off-tumor toxicityis extremely critical. Several CAR-T clinical trials in... 
Journal of Immunotherapy: Open access features rapid publication of articles on immunomodulators, lymphokines, antibodies, cells, and cell products in cancer biology and therapy. Laboratory and preclinical studies, as well as investigative clinical reports, are presented. The journal emphasizes basic mechanisms and methods for the rapid transfer of technology from the laboratory to the clinic. IMT contains full-length articles, review articles, and short communications. Instructions for authors are as follows: Manuscript important element properties Title: Title should be clear, meaningful and brief (no longer than 25 words). The abbreviations should not be used in the title. ... 
Developing Electronic-nose Technologies for Clinical Practice The development of relatively simple gas-sensing devices with sensor arrays capable of constructing molecular profiles of complex Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) metabolites from clinical samples, based on production of healthy or disease-specific digital signature patterns, may soon help to revolutionize diagnostic procedures in clinical practice. This mini-review summarizes the development of recent portable electronic-nose (e-nose) technologies as new diagnostic tools with the potential for accelerating clinical procedures to facilitate non-invasive early disease diagnoses, improving the speed and ac To know more about the article: https://www.longdom.org/medical-surgical-pathology/current-issue.html How we work: After submission, an acknowledgement with manuscript... 
Issues and Perspectives in Psoriasis Management Psoriasis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by genetics, the immune system and environmental factors with inherent aberrations in the skin in the form of either consistently excess proliferation of cellular constituents, particularly the epidermis, keratinocytes to hyperproliferate and perpetuate the disease process. Psoriasis varies in severity from small, localized patches to complete body coverage. These skin patches are typically red, dry, itchy and scaly. Humans lose five thousand million skin cells every day. How this colossal shedding process can occur without there being a break in the skin barrier is... 
Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology is celebrating 7th Anniversary it’s been seven years we have started the Journal. The open access journal is published by Longdom who hosts around 350 open access peer-reviewed journals as well as organizes more than 100 International scientific Conferences. We are privileged to welcome 
The 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
New approach to pain treatment in diseases of the pancreas One of the worst symptoms associated with inflammation or cancer of the pancreas is severe chronic pain. Pancreatic pain is difficult to treat, because many painkillers prove ineffective in pancreatic patients. In a recent study, a team at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) discovered the cause of this phenomenon for the first time: a particular neuroenzyme in the body is present in the nerves of the organ in high concentrations. In many cases only potent analgesics such as opiates are able to relieve the suffering of those affected. But... 
The pancreas is a large gland in the abdomen. It secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine to digest food, and secretes insulin into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels. The pancreas is both an endocrine gland (releasing juices directly into the bloodstream) and an exocrine gland (releasing juices into ducts). Microbiota in pancreatic health and disease: the next frontier in microbiome research Diseases intrinsic to the pancreas such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes mellitus impart substantial health and financial burdens on society but identification of novel mechanisms contributing to these pathologies are... 
Trauma continues to remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed countries. Hemorrhage is the second most common cause of death after trauma, only outnumbered by traumatic brain injury. Exsanguinating hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in the first hour of arrival to a trauma center and accounts for almost half of deaths in the first 24 h. In addition, about 20-40% of trauma deaths that occur after hospital admission usually involve massive hemorrhage, in which death is potentially preventable. Although the resuscitation protocols and management strategies for resuscitation of patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage have ... 
The Recent published article in the 
The very first published article in the 
A number of different approaches aimed at broadening the cross-protective ability of seasonal influenza vaccines are being explored today. Priming a seasonal vaccine with three administrations of DNA encoding H1 HA corresponding to the HA in the seasonal vaccine has been shown to confer protection against heterologous H1N1 influenza. Here we evaluated the heterosubtypic protection induced by a seasonal influenza vaccine when primed with H1 HA DNA and, in parallel, when given as a homologous prime/boost regimen. Balb/c mice were immunized three times with vaccine homologous H1 HA DNA prior to a boost with seasonal influenza vaccine (season 2009/2010; Northern...