Nicotinic Alpha9 and Alpha10 Subunits in Hair Cells
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. These subunits are the most recently discovered (and perhaps the last to be discovered) nAChR subunits in mammals, but are phylogenetically the oldest.
The α9 and α10 subunits are not expressed in the mammalian brain, making them unique among nAChRs. They were first localized in cochlear hair cells. As a consequence of... Read More
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are bipolar primary neurons in the cochlea that transmit auditory information from the sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti to the brain. There are two types of SGNs: Type I (95%) innervate the inner hair cells (IHCs) and Type II (5%) connect to the outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. Each Type I SGN makes one synapse with one IHC but each IHC is innervated by ~10-20 Type I SGNs in rodents. Each of these synapses consists of a single postsynaptic density containing numerous glutamate receptors apposed to a presynaptic ribbon-type active zone of neurotr... 
The Covid-19 pandemic has created major dilemmas in all areas of health care delivery, especially cancer centers across the world. 
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell and taste. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) possibly precipitated by cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days.
The virus is primarily spread betwe... 
Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy prospects
Tumor-reprogrammed myeloid cells not only create a tolerogenic environment by blocking T cell functions and proliferation, but also promote tumor growth by promoting cancer stemness, angiogenesis, stroma deposition, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis formation.The most investigated tumor related myeloid cells in PDAC are MDSCs and TAMs. MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature bone-marrow-derived cells able to suppress immune responses in TME. Pancreatic cancer cells can induce the... 
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) mainly distributed around the pancreatic glands that are able to synthesize matrix proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and MMP inhibitors that regulate ECM turnover. PSCs can be activated by factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidant stress, and by factors of particular interest in PDAC such as hypoxia, hyperglycemia, and increased interstitial pressure. The activated PSCs can secrete various growth factors to promote the growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cel... 
Disorders of Follicular Occlusion include the conditions Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp (DCS), Acne Congolobata (AC) and Pilonidal Sinus Disease (PD). All of these disorders are chronic, burdensome diseases with few efficacious therapeutic options. The prevailing pathogenic paradigm in these disorders are follicular occlusion via a variety of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms, resulting in follicular rupture and dermal inflammatory response.
The term ‘disorders of follicular occlusion’ was first coined in 1956 by Pillsbury, She... 
Over the last decades, our knowledge of the biology of primary and secondary headaches has improved considerably. Functional imaging studies have shed light on the mechanisms responsible for initiation and propagation of migraine attacks, and has disclosed the activity of cortical, subcortical and brainstem regions during the various migraine phases. A specific hypothalamic activation has been demonstrated during the pain phase in “in-bout” cluster headache patients. In association with functional imaging abnormalities, modern morphometric techniques have shown widespread struct... 
Immunological toxicities
Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill unwanted fungi, weeds and insects. In many countries, there is currently concern regarding the adverse effects of pesticides on health. It has been reported that pesticides may cause cancer, respiratory diseases, organ diseases, system failures, nervous system disorders and asthma, which are closely connected with immune disorders. Therefore, this study reviewed the immunotoxicity of pesticides that are currently used or prohibited from being used, especially their effects on leukocytes such ... 
Liver transplantation
The lack of adequate financial coverage, education, and the organization has been the main limiting factor for the development of transplantation in Latin America. As occurred worldwide, the number of patients on liver waiting lists in Latin America grows disproportionately compared to the number of liver transplantations (LTs) performed. Although many law modifications have been made in the last year, most countries lack social awareness about the importance of donation and the irreversibility of brain death. The mechanisms and norms for org... 
The hair bundles develop into the final mature structure in a multi-step, precisely determined order. Malfunction of this process will lead to deficits in the development or maintenance of hair bundles and eventually cause deafness. The details of this process largely remain elusive and await further exploration. The MET machinery that resides at the tips of shorter stereocilia is the Holy Grail in the hearing research field, and we are just starting to learn more about it recently. In this Research Topic, we will welcome the submission of papers that will advance our understanding of how t... 
Hair cells, with the hallmark of the stereocilia bundle at their apical surface, are the sensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular systems in the ears of vertebrates. Hair cells transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical activity. In addition to the stereocilia bundle, hair cells also contain structural and functional specializations in the basolateral and synaptic membranes, which are responsible for electrical activities and synaptic transmission. The supporting cells in the sensory epithelium contribute to the mechanics and the homeostasis of the ionic and chemical environment i... 
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
CPET may be performed at rest or under conditions of varying (e.g. ramped) or fixed ranged of external workloads to assess physiological stress responses. Heart rate, oxygen saturations, blood pressure and electrocardiogram can all be measured simultaneously along with inspired/expired gas analysis. In this way, CPET may provide a global assessment of the integrated response of the respiratory, cardiac, metabolic and haematological systems that are not adequately measured when only one organ is assessed at a time at rest.
... 
COVID-19 | SARS-CoV2
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) epidemic, which causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and it has since been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The ongoing outbreak is a global threat to human health. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis for SARS-CoV2 is considered the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. RT-qPCR has been used to analyze specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tracts for clin... 
Sensory hair cells are the mechanosensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular systems in all vertebrates and of the lateral line system of some aquatic vertebrates. Hair cells can be damaged and lost due to such factors as aging, ototoxic chemicals, acoustic trauma, infection, or genetic factors. Loss of these hair cells lead to deficits in hearing and balance, and in mammals, such deficits are permanent. In contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates exhibit the capability to regenerate missing hair cells. Researchers have been examining the process of hair cell death and regeneration in anim... 
Hair loss or alopecia is a common and distressing clinical complaint in the primary care setting and can arise from heterogeneous etiologies. In the pediatric population, hair loss often presents with patterns that are different from that of their adult counterparts. Given the psychosocial complications that may arise from pediatric alopecia, prompt diagnosis and management is particularly important. Common causes of alopecia in children and adolescents include alopecia areata, tinea capitis, androgenetic alopecia, traction alopecia, trichotillomania, hair cycle disturbances, and congenital... 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, predominantly with latent granuloma form of the disease. Mtb co-evolved with humans, for its obligatory intra-macrophage phagosome habitat and slow replication, balanced against unique mycobacterial innate immunity, which appears to be highly complex. TB is transmitted via cough aerosol Mtb inhalation. Bovine TB attenuated Ba... 
Native Pancreas
Pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) utilizes short cycles of sound waves to mechanically shake cells within tissues which, in turn, causes transient local increases in cytokines, growth factors and cell adhesion molecules. Although the effect of pFUS has been investigated in several different organs including the kidney, muscle and heart, its effect on the pancreas has not been investigated. In the present work, we applied pFUS to the rodent pancreas with the following parameters: 1.1-MHz frequency, 5-Hz pulse repetition frequency, 5% duty cycle, 10-m... 
Cholecystokinin-1 receptor
There are two known seven-trans-membrane Gq-coupled CCK receptors; the CCK-1R and the CCK-2R, which are highly conserved across species. In contrast, the sequence homology between the recep
Immune Tolerance
A major paradigm in cancer immunotherapy is the use of checkpoint inhibitors to break regulatory mechanisms that usually guard the host against autoimmune diseases. CTLA-4-targeting immunotherapy was the first example that helped establish this paradigm. However, the clinically tested anti-CTLA-4 antibodies exhibit suboptimal efficacy but high toxicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAE) and the cancer immunotherapeutic effect (CITE) represent distinct and therapeutically separable activities of anti-... 
Public Health Interventions for dental caries
Prevention
The burden of oral diseases and other noncommunicable diseases can be reduced through public health interventions by addressing common risk factors.
These include:
promoting a well-balanced diet low in free sugars and high in fruit and vegetables, and favouring water as the main drink;
stopping use of all forms of tobacco, including chewing of areca nuts;
reducing alcohol consumption; and
Encouraging use of protective equipment when doing sports and trave... 
Oro-dental trauma
Periodontal disease affects the tissues that both surround and support the tooth. The disease is characterized by bleeding or swollen gums (gingivitis), pain and sometimes bad breath. In its more severe form, the gum can come away from the tooth and supporting bone, causing teeth to become loose and sometimes fall out. Severe periodontal diseases are estimated to affect nearly 10% of the global population. The main causes of periodontal disease are poor oral hygiene and tobacco use.
Oral diseases pose a major health burden for many countries and affect ... 
Pancreas Cancer Surgery
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a reliable, reproducible and non-invasive measure of functional capacity. CPET has been increasingly used to assess pre-operative risk and stratify patients at risk of mortality and morbidity following surgery. CPET parameters that predict outcomes within liver and pancreas cancer surgery still remain to be defined.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) is a non-invasive assessment to quantify the combination of the hea... 
Immunity
The expression of a diverse array of olfactory receptors within sensory neurons is essential for metazoans to survive in microbe-rich environments. For example, amphid neurons in the head of the nematode C. elegans sample the environment and program rapid changes in locomotion, which allows nematodes to forage decomposing organic matter for bacterial food sources and avoid potential pathogens. Thus, C. elegans provides an experimental platform to understand how the development of sensory neurons is integrated with the physiolog... 
Public Health Interventions for Oral Health
Prevention
The burden of oral diseases and other noncommunicable diseases can be reduced through public health interventions by addressing common risk factors.
These include:
promoting a well-balanced diet low in free sugars and high in fruit and vegetables, and favouring water as the main drink;
stopping use of all forms of tobacco, including chewing of areca nuts;
reducing alcohol consumption; and
Encouraging use of protective equipment when doing sports and travell... 
Restorative Dentistry; Dental Diseases
The research areas related to Odontology are divided as types of steroids such as Oral Steroids etc. 
Accuracy of pancreas
Accurate pancreas segmentation has application in surgical planning, assessment of diabetes, and detection and analysis of pancreatic tumors. Factors that affect pancreas segmentation accuracy have not been previously reported. The purpose of this study is to identify technical and clinical factors that adversely affect the accuracy of pancreas segmentation on CT.
In this IRB and HIPAA compliant study, a deep convolutional neural network was used for pancreas segmentation in a publicly available archive of 82 portal-venous phase abdo... 
COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) epidemic, which causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and it has since been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The ongoing outbreak is a global threat to human health. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis for SARS-CoV2 is considered the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. RT-qPCR has been used to analyze specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tracts for clinical diagnos... 
Transforming Growth Factor – Β1 and Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia [PE] is a pregnancy specific vascular disorder resulting in considerable maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Clinically and symptomatically PE is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation.
The incidence of PE in the United States and European countries ranges fro... 
Protective and Therapeutic Properties of Obestatin
Acute pancreatitis (AP) still remains associated with high mortality rates reaching as high as 30% despite substantial improvements in the management of the disease. This is due to complex disease aetiology, its diverse clinical course, as well as, the lack of targeted treatment owning to the poor understanding of its pathogenesis. A number of histological mechanisms have been associated with AP and are responsible for permanent morphological and structural changes of the gland in the course of severe AP.
... 
Preventive measures for Oral Health
Prevention
The burden of oral diseases and other noncommunicable diseases can be reduced through public health interventions by addressing common risk factors.
These include:
promoting a well-balanced diet low in free sugars and high in fruit and vegetables, and favouring water as the main drink;
stopping use of all forms of tobacco, including chewing of areca nuts;
reducing alcohol consumption; and
Encouraging use of protective equipment when doing sports and travelling on b... 
Oral Diseases- periodontal diseases
Periodontal disease affects the tissues that both surround and support the tooth. The disease is characterized by bleeding or swollen gums (gingivitis), pain and sometimes bad breath. In its more severe form, the gum can come away from the tooth and supporting bone, causing teeth to become loose and sometimes fall out. Severe periodontal diseases are estimated to affect nearly 10% of the global population. The main causes of periodontal disease are poor oral hygiene and tobacco use.
Oral diseases pose a major health burden for many cou... 
Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
The systemic manifestations of acute pancreatitis are responsible for the majority of pancreatitis-associated morbidity and mortality and are now believed to be due to the actions of specific inflammatory cytokines. This report summarizes what is known about the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
Comprehensive literature review of experimental pancreatitis as well as all reports of cytokine involvement during clinical pancreatitis.
Several cytokines and other ... 
Immunocytokines: An Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy
Recombinant antibody-cytokine fusion proteins are immunocytokines that achieve high cytokine concentrations in the tumor microenvironment and thereby effectively stimulate cellular immune responses against malignancies.
The activation and expansion of immune effector cells, such as CD8+ T lymphocytes, by interleukin-2 immunocytokines resulted in the eradication of established pulmonary and hepatic metastases of murine melanoma and colorectal carcinoma in syngeneic mouse models. These immunocytokines we... 
Restorative Dentistry
The research areas related to Odontology are divided as types of steroids such as Oral Steroids etc. 
COVID-19 virus-Dental Aerosol
coarse particles are 2.5–10 microns, fine particles are less than 2.5 microns, and ultrafine particles are less than 0.1 micron. The nose typically filters air particles above 10 microns. If a particle is less than 10 microns, it can enter the respiratory system.
If it is less than 2.5 microns, it can enter the alveoli. A particle less than 0.1 micron, or an ultrafine particle like the COVID-19 virus, can enter the bloodstream and target organs such as the heart and brain. The current scientific consensus is that most transmission via ... 
Anticancer Molecules in Brain
Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that macroenvironmental factors are risk factors for the development and progression of tumor. Macroenvironmental factors include a patient's physical, social environment and specific psychosocial factors such as chronic stress, depression, and lack of social support.
These observations raise intriguing questions on the brain-cancer connection. What are the molecules in brain linking environmental factors to cancer? Through which pathways do these brain molecule s modulat... 
Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by pancreatic resection results from various factors which regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, many aspects of secretion and gastrointestinal adaptation after pancreatic resection are not completely understood. In this paper we will review the current knowledge on these pancreatic pathophysiology aspects and we will also revise the current modalities of treatment regarding pancreatic exocrine insufficiency following... 
Dental Aerosol particle transmission
coarse particles are 2.5–10 microns, fine particles are less than 2.5 microns, and ultrafine particles are less than 0.1 micron. The nose typically filters air particles above 10 microns. If a particle is less than 10 microns, it can enter the respiratory system.
If it is less than 2.5 microns, it can enter the alveoli. A particle less than 0.1 micron, or an ultrafine particle like the COVID-19 virus, can enter the bloodstream and target organs such as the heart and brain. The current scientific consensus is tha... 
cementocytic processes
The cells of 
Root canal
Root canal is a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it. The procedure involves removing the damaged area of the tooth (the pulp) and cleaning and disinfecting it, then filling and sealing it. The common causes affecting the pulp are a cracked tooth, a deep cavity, repeated dental treatment to the tooth or trauma to it. The term "root canal" comes from cleaning of the canals inside the tooth's root.
Decades ago, root canal treatments were painful. With dental advances and local anesthetics, most peopl... 
Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD’s) remain one of the major reasons ofmortality universally, although since last two decades cardiovasculardeath rates have reduced in several developed countries. CVD are aninternational cause of death and accounts up to 31% of deaths alone, inIndia. They are the foremost reason for morbidity and mortalitytogether in rural and urban India. The burden of CVD and its hazardfactors in India makes it intended for a sound public healthadvancement to eradicate the epidemic. One such cardiovascularanarchy is Card... 
Skin Reactivity during Immunotherapy
Parallel line bioassay (PLBA) has been acknowledged to be the gold standard for estimation of changes in reactivity, e.g., in RAST and ELISA inhibition tests
correlations between two simple methods for evaluation of changes in skin prick test (δSPT), using the slope of the allergen dose response (drra) in relation to PLBA
Skin prick test data from two published immunotherapy trials were used. In a D. farinae trial we used duplicate tests with three fixed ten-fold concentrations and in a P. judaica... 
A 55-year-old man was admitted with pancreatitis evolving over 4months. This was associated with a weight loss of six kg. He had previous history of pancreatoduodenectomy around 8 years back forperiampullary tumor. The continuity of the digestive and pancreatic(Wirsung duct) ducts was re-established by the formation of an end-to-side pancreatico-jejunal anastomosis, as well as hepato-jejunal and gastro-jejunal anastomoses. The postoperative period was uneventful; following the surgery the patient was on regular follow up. He was asymptomatic until he developed acute onset abdominal pain 4mo... 
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive neoplastic disease, with overall 5-years survival rate from all stages of less than 5%, making it, the4th cause of cancer related death in the United States of America. Despite the innovation of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities during the year 2013 it was estimated that approximately [45] 2200 peoplewere diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 38,460 died from it. With the majority of patients presenting with unrespectable tumor, locally advanced or metastatic disease and around 80% ofpatients are jaundiced. For those with respectable tumor witho... 
Whole world being in isolation due to COVID-19 but it don't mean to stop regular exercises which benefits immunity
Being in isolation without access to gyms and sports clubs it should not mean people to stop exercising, according to a new study from researchers.
Over the decades, many studies have investigated how exercise affects the immune system. It is widely agreed that regular moderate intensity exercise is beneficial for immunity, but a view held by some is that more arduous exercise can suppress immune function, leading to an 'open-w... 
Pancreatic Disorder
The evaluation of pancreatic diseases can be difficult due to the inaccessibility of the pancreas. There are multiple methods to evaluate the pancreas. Initial tests of the pancreas include a physical examination, which is difficult since the pancreas is deep in the abdomen near the spine. Blood tests are often helpful in determining whether the pancreas is involved in a specific symptom but may be misleading. The best radiographic tests to evaluate the structure of the pancreas include CAT (computed tomography) scan, endoscopic ultrasound, and... 
Protein-A Protects against IL-13
The lung surfactant proteins are recognized as critical not only for their role in lowering lung surface tension but also in innate host defense. Reports have shown that some asthmatic patients have decreased levels of one member of this protein family in particular, surfactant protein-A (SP-A). Our studies set out to determine the contribution of SP-A to the response of a key effector cytokine in asthma, IL-13. Our studies employ both animal models sufficient and deficient in SP-A challenged with IL-13 and primary epithelial cells... 
Prosthodontics-Dental Research
Considering this phenomenon 
Cytomegalovirus
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) can be bound by either gO or the UL128 to UL131 proteins (referred to here as UL128-131) to form complexes that facilitate entry and spread, and the complexes formed are important targets of neutralizing antibodies. Strains of HCMV vary considerably in the levels of gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/UL128-131, and this can impact infectivity and cell tropism. In this study, we investigated how natural interstrain variation in the amino acid sequence of gO influences the biology of HCMV. Heterologous gO re... 
RXRs
Macrophages are myeloid-derived cells that populate all tissues, where they contribute to tissue remodeling and protection against pathogens and injury. Macrophages are heterogeneous and derive from two main lineages. Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) arise mainly from embryonic precursors and reside in tissues for prolonged periods, whereas blood-derived macrophages are found mostly in injured tissues. In a previous analysis by RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) of purified TRMs from six or... 
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are slow-growing tumors that account for 1-2% of all pancreatic malignancies. Enucleation of low-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors has the advantage of avoiding short and long-term morbidities related to formal resections; however, it carries a risk of significant post-operative pancreatic fistula, especially if the tumor is close to the main pancreatic duct. We have recently started using intra-operative ERCP to facilitate enucleation of pNETs ≤ 3 mm from MPD. This technique h... 
Metastatic Pancreatic Exocrine Cancer
PEC is a frequent cancer both in women and men representing in United States about the 3.1% of all cancer diagnosed. Curability rate are very low even when disease is at an early resectable stage with a 5-years overall survival. The 5-year survival rate for people with stage IA pancreatic cancer is about 14%. For stage IB cancer, the 5-yearsurvival rate is about 12%. For stage IIA pancreatic cancer, the 5-yearsurvival rate is about 7%. For stage IIB cancer, the 5-year survival rateis about 5%. The 5-year survival rate for stag... 
In adult mammals, peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons regenerate relatively efficiently, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons cannot regenerate. The difference in regenerative capacity between CNS and PNS neurons has been attributed to extrinsic signals, and to intrinsic growth ability and the inhibitory glial environment. PNS neurons possess the fundamental and conserved ability to regenerate their axons following injury, in a process mainly controlled by the PNS glial cells surrounding neurons and Schwann cells (SCs). Several studies have reported the regenerative ability of S... 
Prosthodontics- Dental Care
Considering this phenomenon 
Orthodontics-Dental Research
Considering this phenomenon 
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have a significant role in regulating the defenses against cancer development and certain viral infections. They are equipped with an array of activating and inhibitory receptors that stimulate or diminish NK cell activity, respectively. Inhibitory receptors include, among others, the MHC class I ligands killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in humans, and members of the Ly49 family of receptors in mice, and CD94/NKG2A. Activating receptors include cytokine and chemokine receptors, and those that interact with ligands expres... 
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth treatment modality, in addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These advances are the result of important discoveries in the field of regulation of the immune response, especially on the mechanisms which turn "on" and "off" immune responses. A disease which has proved to be a canonical model to test therapeutic immunotherapy approaches is the immunogenic cutaneous melanoma. So far, "passive" immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies has outpaced "active" immunotherapy with antitumor va... 
Inositol phosphates and phosphoinositides are integral to a number of critical intracellular signaling pathways in epithelia, endothelia and immune cells that are fundamental to GI health and can contribute to GI pathology when disrupted. These pathways broadly pervade almost every aspect of GI function including, secretion, absorption, innate and adaptive immunities, and are present in all cell types. Examples include excessive or insufficient fluid secretion through disregulation of ion channel function that can lead to diarrhea, constipation, or abnormal secretion of bile or pancreatic e... 
Forensic Pathology encompasses all aspects of forensics, including pathology, science, toxicology, human identification, mass disasters/war graves, nursing, police surgeons/scene of crime, entomology, biology, and DNA. Balanced to reflect modern advances in the subjects through peer-reviewed papers, short communications and meeting proceedings, and case reports, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology provides coverage on the full international spectrum of forensic science, neither concentrating on the sole practice of a single country or becoming top heavy with a pa... 
Diabetes in pregnancy, including gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-existing diabetes, imposes significant and adverse influences on maternal health as well as fetal development and child health. In the mother, GDM usually resolves after pregnancy unless it represents previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes which is first recognized during pregnancy. GDM is linked to substantially increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Despite the fact that GDM has been acknowledged as a subtype of diabetes for decades, appropriate cutoff points and procedures for screeni... 
Journal of Forensic Pathology is an multidisciplinary journal that publishes original work with regard to various scientific disciplines pertaining to forensic sciences. The journal focuses on the current advancements in the field of forensic science and criminology and provides reliable information regarding the developments in forensic science.
This part of journals is delighted to accept Research Papers, Review Articles, Short Communications, Case Reports, Mini- Reviews, Opinions, Letter to Editors Etc., focused on Forensic science and Crime Investigation.
The journal... 
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology is one of the best open access journals that aims to publish the most complete and reliable source of information on discoveries and current developments in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. in this field and provide online access without any restrictions or subscriptions to researchers worldwide.
The scientists, doctors, professors, researchers can submit their high quality papers to enhance their research work through online platform of our Journal.
Cur... 
Cardiovascular disease is sometimes called “heart disease”, but in medical terms, they are not exactly the same thing. Heart disease is a general term for conditions affecting the structure of the heart and the way it functions. All heart diseases are cardiovascular diseases. However, not all cardiovascular diseases are heart diseases. An example is stroke, which affects blood vessels in the brain, but not the heart itself.
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are particular habits, behaviors, circumstances or conditions that increase a per... 
Skin is the largest organ of the body and is necessary for survival, since it performs many functions such as providing a physical barrier to the external environment, sensation, retention of normal hydration and thermal regulation. Significant skin loss is associated with high mortality and morbidity in the acute phase, and with physically and cosmetically drastic scarring in the long term. There are a number of tissue-engineered products in the clinic that are used as skin substitutes to promote healing of traumatic burn and diabetic wounds, producing results that satisfy the barrier func... 
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that is directed against anagen-associated autoantigens which become exposed to the immune system following the collapse of the hair follicle’s physiological immune privilege, and presumably only when hair follicles undergo active growth, produce a hair shaft, and are engaged in pigment synthesis (anagen).
The mechanisms that contribute to the development of AA are currently under investigation. A major genome wide association study (GWAS) strongly supported the importance of NKG2D in AA, which had previo... 
There is a connection between obesity, diabetes and cancer that is well-accepted by the medical and scientific communities. Epidemiological evidence suggests that people with diabetes are at significantly higher risk for many forms of cancer. Type 2 diabetes and cancer share many risk factors, but detailed molecular/ mechanistic links between the two diseases are incompletely understood.
Moreover, some medications used to treat cancer are associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes, and a reverse pattern is also noted - that some medications used to ameliorate hyperglycemia and diabet... 
This Research Topic focuses on recent advances in understanding the neuronal dysfunction of diabetic brain. Insulin signaling plays a significant role in synaptic function in the brain. Cognitive dysfunction and decrease in the brain size have been observed in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with reductions in cerebral glucose metabolism even in prediabetic individuals. These observations are generally associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several epidemiological studies have indeed identified diabetes as a risk factor for AD. The threshold of amyloid burd... 
EBOLA Virus Infection
Ebola is deadly disease caused by virus. There are five strains, and four of them can make people sick. After entering the body, it kills cells, making some of them explode. It wrecks the immune system , causes heavy bleeding inside the body, and damages almost every organ.
The virus is scary, but it’s also rare. You can get only from direct contact with an infected person’s body fluids.
It spreads to people by contact with the skin or bodily fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat. Then it moves from p... 
Type 1 diabetes is a challenging condition to manage since it includes many facets such as treatment with insulin, technical devices, physiological and behavioral factors. Regular exercise is a cornerstone in diabetes treatment, but management of different forms of physical activity could be difficult for both the individual with type 1 diabetes as well as the health-care provider.
People with type 1 diabetes tend to be as physically inactive as the general population, where we see a large percentage of individuals not maintaining a healthy body composition nor achieving the minimum ... 
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, affecting about 415 million people worldwide in 2015. The etiology of T2D involves an interaction between genetic predisposition and lifestyle (e.g. overweight, unhealthy diet, sedentariness).
The past decade has seen fast-paced, ...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, affecting about 415 million people worldwide in 2015. The etiology of T2D involves an interaction between genetic predisposition and lifestyle (e.g. overweight, unhealthy diet, sedentariness).
The past de... 
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. These subunits are the most recently discovered (and perhaps the last to be discovered) nAChR subunits in mammals, but are phylogenetically the oldest.
The α9 and α10 subunits are not expressed in the mammalian brain, making them unique among nAChRs. They were first localized in cochlear hair cells. As a consequence of their d... 
The complexity of the immune system at the gene, protein, cell and organism level continues to provide a major challenge. Genomic landscape analysis, single-cell analysis and mass data acquisition encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics have now added new levels of complexity. With the rapid progress in these and other fields of immunology, it has become more important than ever to agree on a nomenclature, i.e. to agree on a consensus for naming novel genes, proteins, cells and biological reagents related to the immune system. Names that were given initially may,... 
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.
Germs, or microbes, are found everywhere - in the air, soil, and water. There are also germs on your skin and in your body. Many of them are harmless, and some can even be helpful. But some of them can make you sick. Infectious diseases are disease... 
Coronavirus
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans.
Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary cam... 
“Vaccination and Immune Disorders” mainly focuses on the gathering and concentrate on the understanding risks activity on 
The goal of public health is to prevent disease. It's much easier and more cost-effective to prevent a disease than to treat it. That's exactly what immunizations aim to do. Immunizations, or vaccines as they're also known, safely and effectively use a small amount of a weakened or killed virus or bacteria or bits of lab-made protein that imitate the virus in order to prevent infection by that same virus or bacteria.
Pathology and Immunology:
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Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be prevented by vaccination with HB surface antigen, which induces HBS specific antibodies and T cells. But the immunization status of workers and its relationship with occupational factors are not well documented. The goal is to examine the factors of risk and the immunization status against HBV among a population of workers. An assessment of the vaccination and the immunization status against HBV was conducted among a miscellaneous population of French workers, recruited from a medical occupational center, during a cross-sectional study. A repres... 
Teratogen:
A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or foetus
Teratogenicity:
It refers to the capacity of a drug to cause foetal abnormalities when administered to the pregnant mother.
Drugs can affect the foetus at 3 stages:
Fertilization and implantation: conception to 17 days—failure of pregnancy which often goes unnoticed.
Organogenesis: 18 to 55 days of gestation, most vulnerable period, deformities are p... 
Dermatology centers around the analysis and treatment of conditions identified with skin, hair and nails. It additionally focuses on keeping up the wellbeing of your skin. Your skin is your body's biggest organ, which covers and secures your body. Anything that aggravates stops up or arouses your skin can cause side effects, for example, redness, growing, consuming and tingling.
As of now in time, the whole world is experiencing skin related ailments like psoriasis, skin inflammation, dermatitis, rashes, skin inflammation, dandruff, skin contaminations, skin consumes, rosacea,... 
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and rarely, Borrelia mayonii. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. Lyme disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings (e.g., rash), and the possibility of exposure to infected ticks. Labor... 
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis -- or TB, as it’s commonly called- is a contagious infection that usually attacks your lungs. It can spread to other parts of your body, like your brain and spine. A type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it.
There are two forms of the disease:
Latent TB: You have the germs in your body, but your immune system stops them from spreading. That means you don’t have any symptoms and you’re not contagious. But the infection is still alive in your body and can one day become acti... 
In 2014 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) approved a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for all adults at age 65 years. This further complicated the pneumococcal vaccination schedule, which was already one of the most complicated schedules. This study documents simplified schedules that were considered and discarded by the pneumococcal working group before making the most recent recommendation. We examined the marginal cost-effectiveness of several simplified schedules for older adults (age 50+ years) when compared with current recommendations. Ou... 
The capacity of bacteria to resist against the ejects of an antibiotic is called antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is due to the change in bacteria by some approach that eliminates or reduces the efficiency of chemicals, drugs, or other agents designed for treatment against infections. The survival and continuously multiplication of bacteria causes more destruction in human body. A few years back, main focus of research was centered regarding gram-positive bacteria resistant. Currently, clinical microbiologists strongly are in view that multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria ... 
New approach to pain treatment in diseases of the pancreas
One of the worst symptoms associated with inflammation or cancer of the pancreas is severe chronic pain. Pancreatic pain is difficult to treat, because many painkillers prove ineffective in pancreatic patients. In a recent study, a team at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) discovered the cause of this phenomenon for the first time: a particular neuroenzyme in the body is present in the nerves of the organ in high concentrations.
In many cases only potent analgesics such as opiates are able... 
The pancreas is a large gland in the abdomen. It secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine to digest food, and secretes insulin into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels. The pancreas is both an endocrine gland (releasing juices directly into the bloodstream) and an exocrine gland (releasing juices into ducts).
Microbiota in pancreatic health and disease: the next frontier in microbiome research
Diseases intrinsic to the pancreas such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and type 1... 
A number of different approaches aimed at broadening the cross-protective ability of seasonal influenza vaccines are being explored today. Priming a seasonal vaccine with three administrations of DNA encoding H1 HA corresponding to the HA in the seasonal vaccine has been shown to confer protection against heterologous H1N1 influenza. Here we evaluated the heterosubtypic protection induced by a seasonal influenza vaccine when primed with H1 HA DNA and, in parallel, when given as a homologous prime/boost regimen. Balb/c mice were immunized three times with vaccine homologous H1 HA DNA prior t... 
Neospora caninum, the parasite that causes neosporosis, is known worldwide as one of the main drivers of abortion in cattle herds, causing economic losses when raising livestock. Parasitic infection and transmission among animals are difficult to combat, and both diagnostics and controls must be applied to reduce the spread of the pathogen. For control, herd vaccinations represent an alternative, but the current lack of a safe and effective vaccine prevents this method. The parasite has a significant array of structural proteins that assist in the process of infection; surface antigens (SAG... 
Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination is on the leading open-access journal making awareness to the people on vaccination through our articles. We have been 
Accumulating evidence shows that tumours contain a distinct subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumour-initiation. Previous studies have demonstrated that cancer stem cells are relatively resistant to chemo-and radio-therapies, and play an essential role in tumour recurrence and metastasis. Since multiple human malignancies are associated with quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in the immune system, immunotherapies are potentially ejective for cancer treatment. Vaccination is believed to have advantages over traditional tr... 
Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination has completed 8 years of successful journey, now we are in 9th year for continuing the excellence in the publication field with the help of our glorious editors. We are 
SYPHILIS
Syphilis is a highly contagious disease that’s mostly spread through sexual activity, including oral and anal sex. The infected person often doesn’t know that they have the disease and passes it on to their sexual partner.
Syphilis was once a major public health threat. It can cause serious long-term problems such as arthritis, brain damage, and blindness. There wasn’t an effective treatment until the late 1940s, when the antibiotic penicillin was developed. After the initial infection, the syphilis bacteria ca... 
Kidney Infection Diagnosis
Kidney infection, also known as renal infection or pyelonephritis, is a common type of urinary tract infection. Bacteria often infect the bladder or the urethra and spreads to one of the kidneys. Women are most commonly affected by kidney infection, as are pregnant mothers, children under 2 years of age, and individuals aged over 60 years. This article will explain the symptoms of a kidney infection and how it is diagnosed, prevented, and treated.
Some key points about kidney infections:
One of the kidney'... 
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology is convergence of pathology with physiology – is the study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state, whereas physiology is the biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism. Pathology describes the abnormal or undesired condition, whereas pathophysiology seeks to explain the functional ... 
Hair cells, with the hallmark of the stereocilia bundle at their apical surface, are the sensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular systems in the ears of vertebrates. Hair cells transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical activity. In addition to the stereocilia bundle, hair cells also contain structural and functional specializations in the basolateral and synaptic membranes, which are responsible for electrical activities and synaptic transmission. The supporting cells in the sensory epithelium contribute to the mechanics and the homeostasis of the ionic and chemical environment i... 
Emerging Infectious Diseases and their Diagnosis
Infectious diseases are the world’s greatest killers that present one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community. In our daily life we are surrounded by a wealth of microorganisms, the majority of which are non-harmful, but some are severely harmful for the health. Infectious diseases are among the world’s leading causes of death, and scientists from every nation perform research, share information, build laboratory capacity in poorer nations and c... 
Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals primary current therapeutic approach against viral diseases is to target viral components that are essential for replication. There are a number of disadvantages targeting viral components including the limited number of druggable viral targets because viruses have a small genome, as well as the rapid development of drug resistance. New drug therapies combine antivirals to increase efficacy and to avoid the development of drug resistant strains. These strategies are effective for viruses such as HIV, but clearly there is a need to expand our drug ... 
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis Marks it’s Four Long Years of Journey by Announcing Discounts on Article Processing Charges
Creating Awareness on Infectious Diseases & their Diagnosis for a Better Tomorrow
On behalf of the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been ten long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 04th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome eminent Scientists from this field to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis (JIDD).
The ... 
November 25, 2019, Spain: 
Journal of Women’s Health Care Marks its Eight Long Years of Journey by Announcing Discounts on Article Processing Charges
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Health Benefits of Probiotics
On behalf of the Journal of Probiotics & Health, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to i... 
HEALTH CARE: CURRENT REVIEWS
Disseminating the knowledge on Health Care Research
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